4.1 The ABC booklets (1770, 1770 and 1800)
This section deals with a specific category of printed work: language primers. Language primers, in Negerhollands AB(C) boekjes ‘AB(C) booklets’, were usually produced by missionaries for education of the illiterate converts. Three have survived. As they were meant to help teach reading and writing, they also represent a source of metalinguistic information. They may furthermore contain reading material of edifying calibre, often taken from Luther's catechism, like the Ten Commandments, the Lord's and other prayers, hymns and songs, verses from the NT, sacraments. Interestingly, we have both Moravian and Danish primers. The Moravian primer appears to be the more pedagogical one. Apart from the alphabet and a character combination table for the possible ‘syllables’, which are found in all three, it also gives numbers, lists of proper names, etc. The Danish give more pieces of textual reading material. Another interesting factor is the time of publication of the two Danish primers; they are both from 1770 and may as such shed light on a part of the synchronic variation in NH at the time.
First, we will treat the metalinguistic information that these books contain and, if possible, make a comparison. Thereafter, certain textual parts will be dealt with. We will only look at those texts they have in common, and in such a way that they can easily be compared. The following language primers are treated here:
| Kingo: | Kreool A, B, buk. |
| by: | Johan Christopher Kørbitz Thomsen Kingo |
| at: | St. Croix 1770 |
| 16 pages |
| Wold: | Creool A B Buk voor die Deen Missioon na Westindien |
| by: | Erich Röring Wold |
| at: | Unknown place 1770 |
| 16 pages |
| Anon.: | A B C-BOEKJE voor die Neger-Kinders na St. Thomas, St. Croix en St. Jan. |
| by: | Unknown member of the Moravian Brethren |
| at: | Barby 1800 |
| 12 pages |
According to Reinecke et al.'s (1975) bibliography, another Moravian primer with the same title as Anonymous was printed in 1825, but we did not have access to it.
Questions about authorship
It is claimed in Lose (1891), on the basis of his archival research of the correspondence of the Danish mission, that Kingo had translated Luther's Smaller Catechism into Negerhollands by 1764. It was, according to Lose's sources, sent to Copenhagen for printing, but it remained in Denmark for several years, before being sent to Magens on St. Thomas in 1769. Magens and Wold would have revised Kingo's translation and prepared it for printing in 1770.
All of this has never been confirmed by another independent source, or by a check of Lose's sources. All other publications that witness or imply this reconstruction base themselves on Lose. Because of a lack of immediate access to the documents consulted by Lose and others, there is at the moment only one other way that may enable us to ascertain the plausibility of Lose's reconstruction: the comparison of sources of whose authenticity we are certain.
As for Kingo, only one printed work bears his name as author: the Kreool A, B, Buk from 1770. It is a 16-page Negerhollands primer, with combinatory tables of vowels and consonants, the Lord's Prayer, the first two Articles of Faith, the Ten Commandments, and some sacraments and prayers. Finally, it contains the hymn O! Planter-Man and some verses from the New Testament.
The same can be said about Wold. His 1770 Creool A B Buk does not contain the Hymn nor the verses, however.
This copy of Wold, which was kept in Copenhagen University Library in the Fiolstraede (which in 1992 was incorporated into the Royal Library in Copenhagen), is part of a volume containing two further works, in exactly the same type, with the same decorations, also issued at an unknown place in 1770. They are D. Martin Luther sie klein Catechismus and Creool Psalm-Buk, but they lack reference to an author, and they are separately paginated.
The third part, Creool Psalm-Buk, is also found as a single volume in the Royal Library in Copenhagen. They are identical in all respects, and among the hymns O! Planterman is also included. Lose ascribes this work to Wold and Magens.
About D. Martin Luther sie klein Catechismus, the Smaller Catechism, it could be said that according to Lose it has three authors; Kingo, Magens and Wold. To find out if there is some truth in this claim, one could compare Kingo's and Wold's primers, and then compare (Wold's?) the Smaller Catechism with both, as partially the same material forms their contents (namely: the Smaller Catechism contains the Lord's Prayer, the Ten Commandments, the first two Articles of Faith, the Sacrament of Baptism, the Table Sacrament, and some prayers).
If Kingo and Wold both wrote a primer, independently of each other, and if Wold and Magens revised a Catechism originally translated by Kingo, then one would expect that this Catechism would have certain traits in common with Kingo's primer, but not necessarily with Wold's primer.
Apart from the whereabouts of certain Negerhollands works, also the authorship of several known texts may continue to present the students of Negerhollands with puzzles in the future. In relation to these questions, it may be worthwhile to note that
Kingo also contains material from the New Testament, but nothing from Matthew. For additional details, see the bibliography.
Linguistic instruction
All three primers contain tables with the alphabet and the syllables that may be formed by combining characters. Only in Kingo do we find some explicit instructions for the interpretation of the characters:
| Elke | Letter | ha | di | self | Naem, | so | as |
| every | character | have | DET | self | name | so | as |
| na | di | Deen | of | Latiin | Tael, | en | di | Voort |
| NA | DET | Danish | or | Latin | language | and | DET | word |
| le | praet | yt1, | so | as | di | stan | skrif2 | hi-so, | so |
| ASP | speak | out | so | as | DET | stand | write | here-so | so |
| di | no | ha | nit | een | svaer | for | les | of | for | spel |
| DET | NEG | have | NEG | one | difficulty | FOR | read | or | FOR | spell |
| di. | vant | ju | nem | di | Voort | so | as | di | stan. |
| DET | because | 2SG | take | DET | word | so | as | DET | stand |
Translation
Every character has the same name as in Danish or Latin, and the words are pronounced like they are written here, so there will be no difficulties in reading or spelling them, because you take the words according to how they are written.
In Anon. we find no such remarks, but on the other hand we find a list of example words for every character. They appear to be carefully chosen to illustrate the orthographic representation of vowel quantity, diphthongs, voice, etc. The first examples are easy monosyllabic words, but later examples are words of increasing syllabic and derivational complexity. Anon. also gives the numbers, both in Arabic and Roman style, gives an additional version of the alphabet in italic type, and even introduces some linguistic terms. Anon. seems to be pedagogically the most sophisticated of the three primers and must have been especially designed for reading classes. Wold only gives an alphabet and a syllable scheme, next to his religious texts. Below, we have given the sections containing linguistic instructions from all primers.
Alphabets
Kingo
| A | a, | b, | d, | e, | f, | g, | A, | B, | D, | E, | F, | G, |
| h, | i, | j, | k, | l, | m, | n, | H, | I, | J, | K, | L, | M, |
| o, | p, | q, | r, | s, | s, | t, | N, | O, | P, | Q, | R, | S, |
| u, | v, | x, | y, | ö. | T, | U, | V, | X, | Y, | Ö. |
ai. au. ei. oi. ou.
Wold
| A. | B. | C. | D. | E. | a. | b. | c. | d. | e. | f. | g. | h. |
| F. | G. | H. | I. | J. | i. | j. | k. | l. | m. | n. | o. | p. |
| K. | L. | M. | N. | O. | q. | r. | s. | s. | t. | u. | v. | w. |
| U. | V. | W. | X. | Y. | x. | y. | z. | ö. | ||||
| Z. | OE. |
Anon
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | a | b | c | d | e | f | (ff) | g | h | |
| J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r |
| S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z. | s | (s | ss) | t | u | v | w | x | z. |
Anon further divides the characters into phonetic categories and gives Arabic and Latin numbers:
| Vocalen. | a | e | i | (y) | o | u. | (‘vowels’) | ||||
| Consonanten. | b | c | d | f | g | h | j | k | l | m | (‘consonants’) |
| n | p | q | r | s | t | v | w | x | z. |
| 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | 10. | 20. | 30. | 40. | 50. |
| 60. | 70. | 80. | 90. | 100. | 200. | 300. | 400. | 500. | 600. | ||||
| 700. | 800. | 900. | 1000 |
| I. | II. | III. | IV. | V. | VI. | VII. | VIII. | IX. | X. | XI. |
| 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | 10. | 11. |
| XII. | XX. | L. | C. | D. | M. | |||||
| 12. | 20. | 50. | 100. | 500. | 1000. |
Anon also gives examples to illustrate how the alphabet should be used3.
| a (enkel4 | aa (dobbel5) | e (enkel) | ee (dobbel) |
| lat | laat | en | een |
| al | maal | Vel | veel |
| dan | staan | Wet | weet |
| sap | Slaap | ben | Been |
| Man | Maan | best | Beest |
| o (enkel) | oo (dobbel) | u (enkel) | uu (dobbel) |
| vor | voor | ut | Uur |
| word | Woord | Nut | Vuur |
| Kop | Koop | Stut | |
| Skot | Skoot |
| ea | ei (ey) | eu | ie | oe | au |
| aerm | leid | Deugd | die | doe | Faut |
| waerd | skey | gie | goe | gauw | |
| ley | hier | Hoes | flauw | ||
| reyel | niet | toen | blauw |
| ou | ui | aai | ooi | oei | ieu |
| (uy) | (aay) | (ooy) | (oey) | ||
| dou | huichel | draai | gooy | groey | nieuw |
| bouw | fraai | mooj | Koei | ||
| koud | saay | nooit | Moei | ||
| Vrouw | waay | rooy | foey |
| ch | ph | th | qu |
| Christ | Pharao | Thoor | quaad |
| noch |
| B | P | D | T |
| Bak | Pak | Daal | Taal |
| Best | Pest | Drek | trek |
| Boord | Poort | door | Toorn |
Fragment from ABC-boekje voor die Neger-Kinders. Barby: 1800.6
| al le7 | an der, | a ster, | Ar beid, | A vend, |
| Broe er, | Be geer, | be hou, | Bli skap, | be waar, |
| Dan ki, | don ker, | dier baar, | der wil, | Du vel, |
| ee nigst, | eer der, | En gel, | Ei land, | En de, |
| fro lik, | Fi gur, | |||
| Gna de, | Goed heid, | Ge taal, | God heid, | gloo fig, |
| Hei land, | Her der, | He mel, | Hoop ning, | |
| Je sus, | Jong vrouw, | Jo den, | jen der, | Ja mer, |
| Ket ting, | Ken nis, | Kin ders, | Krup pel, | Ko ning, |
| Lief de, | Li chaam, | Lee ring, | Lug naar, | Led maat, |
| Morgsteer, | Mod der, | Moe der, | Mee ster, | moe schi, |
| Naa ring, | Na tie, | nie mand, | na by, | na voor, |
| On skuld, | on der, | o ver, | Oor deel, | Ou ders, |
| Par don, | Person, | Pen ning, | Ple si, | po ver, |
| Quaa je, | Quaat doen, | quaa lik, | Quar tier, | |
| Rant soen, | Re gen, | re geer, | Rech ter, | Rik dom, |
| Son do, | Ska de, | Skan de, | such ten, | Sus ter, |
| Tee ken, | Tem pel, | Troo ster, | Toe komst, | |
| Va der, | Ver stand, | Vleerken, | Voor hoofd, | Voet-bank, |
| Waar heid, | Wan del, | waar schouw, | Won der, | Woo ning,8 |
| Aster aan9 | Avend maal, | allee nig, | Aange sicht, |
| Bruide gom, | Benauwt heid, | barmher tig, | Betaa-ling, |
| Christen dom, | Christen heid, | Cheru bim, | Crea-tur, |
| Drink beeker | Duster nis, | Dankbaar heid, | Die-naa rin, |
| Eigen dom, | Eewig heid, | Evan gelium, | Even beeld, |
| Farin ge, Fami lie, | Fonda ment, | ||
| Genees man, | Gemeen skap, | Gesond heid, | Gedach ten, |
| Heerlik heid, | hooghei lig, | Hemel rik | herte lik, |
| Jong heid, | jamer voll, | Je mand, | In druk, |
| Koning rik, | Kerken raad, | ||
| Liefde voll, | Lita ney, | Loof psalmen, | lang moedig, |
| Manke ment, | Mis handling, | mal kander, | Maje-steit, |
| Na bovo, | Na binne, | noodzaak lik, | Nabi heid, |
| Onder skeid, | onge recht, | Op passer | Ouder ling, |
| Patien tie, | Priester dom, | Pro feten, | Panne koek, |
| Quaat doener, | Quantiteit, | ||
| Roenkert je, | Regen back, | Regee ring, | recht-vaerdig, |
| Salig heid, | sacht moedig, | Sera phim, | Sacra ment, |
| Testa ment, | Timmer man, | Toevre denheid, | |
| Voor daarom, | Verster king, | Verle genheid, | |
| Weeraan komst, | waar achtig, | Welbe hagen, | |
| Zeba oth.10 |
Combinations
Kingo
| Ab, | eb, | ib, | ob, | ub, | yb, | Öb, | Ba, | be, | bi, | bo, | bu, | by, | bö, | |
| Ad, | ed, | id, | od, | ud, | yd, | öd, | Da, | de, | di, | do, | du, | dy, | dö, | |
| Af, | ef, | if, | of, | uf, | yf, | öf, | Fa, | fe, | fi, | fo, | fu, | fy, | fö, | |
| Ag, | eg, | ig, | og, | ug, | yg, | ög, | Ga, | ge, | gi, | go, | gu, | gy, | gö, | |
| Ak, | ek, | ik, | ok, | uk, | yk, | ök, | Ka, | ke, | ki, | ko, | ku, | ky, | kö, | |
| Al, | el, | il, | ol, | ul, | yl, | öl, | La, | le, | li, | lo, | lu, | ly, | lö, | |
| Am, | em, | im, | om, | um, | ym, | öm, | Ma, | me, | mi, | mo, | mu, | my, | mö, | |
| An, | en, | in, | on, | un, | yn, | ön, | Na, | ne, | ni, | no, | nu, | ny, | nö, | |
| Ap, | ep, | ip, | op, | up, | yp, | öp, | Pa, | pe, | pi, | po, | pu, | py, | pö, | |
| Ar, | er, | ir, | or, | ur, | yr, | ör, | Ra, | re, | ri, | ro, | ru, | ry, | rö, | |
| As, | es, | is, | os, | us, | ys, | ös, | Sa, | se, | si, | so, | su, | sy, | sö, | |
| At, | et, | it, | ot, | ut, | yt, | öt, | Ta, | te, | ti, | to, | tu, | ty, | tö, | |
| Av, | ev, | iv, | ov, | uv, | yv, | öv, | Va, | ve, | vi, | vo, | vu, | vy, | vö, |
Wold
Spel-Taefel.
| Ab. | eb. | ib. | ob. | ub. | yb. | öb. | Ba. | be. | bi. | bo. | bu. | by. | bö. | |
| Ac. | ec. | ic. | oc. | uc. | yc. | öc. | Ca. | ce. | ci. | co. | cu. | cy. | cö. | |
| Ad. | ed. | id. | od. | ud. | yd. | öd. | Da. | de. | di. | do. | du. | dy. | dö. | |
| Af. | ef. | if. | of. | uf. | yf. | öf. | Fa. | fe. | fi. | fo. | fu. | fy. | fö. | |
| Aj. | ej. | - | oj. | - | - | öj. | Ja. | je. | ji. | jo. | ju. | jy. | jö. | |
| Ak. | ek. | ik. | ok. | uk. | yk. | ök. | Ka. | ke. | ki. | ko. | ku. | ky. | kö. | |
| Al. | el. | il. | ol. | ul. | yl. | öl. | La. | le. | li. | lo. | lu. | ly. | lö. | |
| Am. | em. | im. | om. | um. | ym. | öm. | Ma. | me. | mi. | mo. | mu. | my. | mö. | |
| An. | en. | in. | on. | un. | yn. | ön. | Na. | ne. | ni. | no. | nu. | ny. | nö. | |
| Ap. | ep. | ip. | op. | up. | yp. | öp. | Pa. | pe. | pi. | po. | pu. | py. | pö. | |
| Ar. | er. | ir. | or. | ur. | yr. | ör. | Ra. | re. | ri. | ro. | ru. | ry. | rö. | |
| As. | es. | is. | os. | us. | ys. | ös. | Sa. | se. | si. | so. | su. | sy. | sö. | |
| At. | et. | it. | ot. | ut. | yt. | öt. | Ta. | te. | ti. | to. | tu. | ty. | tö. | |
| Av. | ev. | iv. | ov. | uv. | yv. | öv. | Va. | ve. | vi. | vo. | vu. | vy. | vö. | |
| Aw. | ew. | iw. | ow. | uw. | yw. | öw. | Wa. | we. | wi. | wo. | wu. | wy. | wö. |
Anon
Syllaben.
| Ab | eb | ib | ob | ub | Fa | fe | fi | fo | fu | |
| Ac | ec | ic | oc | uc | Ga | ge | gi | go | gu | |
| Ad | ed | id | od | ud | Ha | he | hi | ho | hu | |
| Af | ef | if | of | uf | Ja | je | ji | jo | ju | |
| Ag | eg | ig | og | ug | Ka | ke | ki | ko | ku | |
| Ak | ek | ik | ok | uk | La | le | li | lo | lu | |
| Al | el | il | ol | ul | Ma | me | mi | mo | mu | |
| Am | em | im | om | um | Na | ne | ni | no | nu | |
| An | en | in | on | un | Pa | pe | Pi | po | pu | |
| Ar | er | ir | or | ur | Ra | re | ri | ro | ru | |
| As | es | is | os | us | Sa | se | si | so | su | |
| At | et | it | ot | ut | Ta | te | ti | to | tu | |
| Ba | be | bi(by) | bo | bu | Va | ve | vi | vo | vu | |
| Ca | ce | ci | co | cu | Wa | we | wi | wo | wu | |
| Da | de | di | do | du | Za | ze | zi | zo | zu |
Religions instruction
Here, the situation is the inverse of that in the linguistic section. Apparently, the Danish booklets were primarily meant for religious instruction. Their major parts, in both cases pages 6 to 16, therefore consist of spiritually edifying material. Wold contains the majority of this, Kingo has basically the same material, but in some cases only gives excerpts, and Anon, contains the least. Below, we reprint the sections that are identical among the primers. Through research on possible alternative ways of expression and on the value of orthographic variants, the differences between our sources may be related to dialectal variation in Negerhollands. Apart from this, the material is also of importance in the quest to establish the authorship of other Danish works and to discover the identity of Danish works that we only know of through mention. This issue is discussed to some extent at the end of this section.
Note that the hymn O! Planterman is not found in Wold's primer, but it is found in the Psalm-Buk of 1770 which is attached to the primer. Furthermore, a fourth version of the Lord's Prayer was found in the Klein Catechismus of 1770, also attached to Wold's primer. Even though they do not belong to Wold's primer, we included both these texts here to facilitate comparison, and because they may be from Wold's hand.
Note also that everywhere in the Anon A B C-Boekje, polysyllabic words are systematically split up into syllables by spaces. This was obviously done out of pedagogical considerations.
| Kingo 1770 | Wold 1770 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Di | Heer | si | Gebet. | Di | Heer | sie | Gebet. |
| DET | Lord | 3POS | prayer | DET | Lord | 3POS | prayer |
| Ons | Fader, | Ons | Vaeder, | |
| 1PL | father | 1PL | father |
| ju | di | bin | na | di | Hemel | senner, | Ju | di | bin | na | binne | die | Heemel. | |
| 2SG | DET | BE | NA | DET | heaven | 3PL | 2SG | DET | BE | NA | inside | DET | heaven |
| ju | Naem | kom | heilig11, | Ju | Naem | wort | geheiligt. | |
| 2SG | name | come | holy | 2SG | name | become | hallowed |
| 5 | ju | Konig -Rik | kom, | Ju | Kooningrik | kom. |
| 2SG | kingdom | come | 2SG | kingdom | come |
| ju | Vil | geskiet | Ju | Wil | geskiet | |
| 2SG | will | happen | 2SG | will | happen |
| lik | na | die | Hemel, | so | ok -al | na | di | Gront12, | na | Aerde | glik | na | binne | die | Heemel. | |
| like | NA | DET | heaven, | so | also | NA | DET | earth | NA | earth | like | NA | inside | DET | heaven |
| gif | ons | fan | Dag, | ons | daglik | Broot, | Gief | ons | van | Dag | ons | daglik | Broot. | |
| give | 1PL | of | day | 1PL | daily | bread | give | 1PL | of | day | 1PL | daily | bread |
| en | gif | ons, | ons | skylt | as -ter13, | Vergeef | ons | ons | Skylt, | |
| and | give | 1PL | 1PL | guilt | after | forgive | 1PL | 1PL | guilt |
| 10 | lik | ons | soo | glik | ons |
| like | 1PL | so | like | 1PL |
| le | gif | ons | Skyldenar | senner | aster, | vergeef | ons | Skyl -denaer | sender. | |
| ASP | give | 1PL | debtor | 3PL | after | forgive | 1PL | debtor | 3PL |
| en | no | bring | ons | na | binne | die | Pro -beer; | En | no | lej | ons | na | binno | Versukking, | |
| and | NEG | bring | 1PL | NA | inside | DET | try | and | NEG | lead | 1PL | NA | inside | temptation |
| ma | trek | ons | yt | fan | di | Qvaet, | maer | verlos | ons | van | die | Qwaet. | |
| but | pull | 1PL | out | of | DET | evil | but | deliver | 1PL | of | DET | evil |
| vant | fan | ju | bin | di | Konig -Rik, | Want | fan | Ju | bin | die | Kooningrik, | |
| because | of | 2SG | BE | DET | kingdom | because | of | 2SG | BE | DET | kingdom |
| 15 | di | Kragt | en | di | Eer | die | Kragt | en | die | Heerligheit |
| DET | power | and | DET | glory | DET | power | and | DET | glory |
| na | Evigheit. | Amen. | tee | na | die | Ewigheit. | Amen. | |
| NA | eternity | amen | until | NA | DET | eternity | amen |
| Anon 1800 | Catechismus 1770 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Die | Gebed | van | die | Heere. | Die | Gebet | van | ons | Heilant. | |
| DET | prayer | of | DET | Lord | DET | prayer | of | 1PL | Saviour |
| Ons | Va.der | Ons | Vaeder, | |
| 1PL | father | 1PL | father |
| na | die | Hemel! | Ju | die | bin | na | binne | die | Heemel | |
| NA | DET | heaven | 2SG | DET | BE | NA | inside | DET | heaven |
| 20 | Joe | Naam | word | ge hei ligt; | Ju | Naem | wort | geheiligt. |
| 2SG | name | become | hallowed | 2SG | name | become | hallowed |
| Joe | Ko ning rik | kom; | Ju | Kooningrik | kom. | |
| 2SG | kingdom | come | 2SG | kingdom | come |
| o | dat | Joe | Will | sal | ge skied | Ju | Wil | geskiet | |
| o | that | 2SG | will | FUT | happen | 2SG | will | happen |
| op | die | Aar.de, | soo | as | na | die | He mel; | na | Aerde | glik | na | binne | die | Heemel. | |
| on | DET | earth | so | as | NA | DET | heaven | NA | earth | like | NA | inside | DET | heaven |
| Gie | ons | van | Dag | ons | daag lik | Brood, | Gief | ons | van | Dag | ons | daglik | Broot. | |
| give | 1PL | of | day | 1PL | daily | bread | give | 1PL | of | day | 1PL | daily | bread |
| 25 | en | ver | gie ons | on | se | Skul -den, | Vergeef | ons | ons | skylt, |
| and | for | give | 1PL | 1PL | fault.PL | forgive | 1PL | 1PL | fault |
| soo | as | ons | glik | ons | |
| so | as | 1PL | like | 1PL |
| ver | gie | ons | Skul de naars; | le | vergeef | ons | Skyldenaar | sender. | |
| for | give | 1PL | debtor.PL | ASP | forgive | 1PL | debtor | 3PL |
| en | ley | ons | niet | na | Ver soe king, | En | no | lej | ons | na | binne | Ver -sueking. | |
| and | lead | 1PL | NEG | NA | temptation | and | NEG | lead | 1PL | NA | inside | temptation |
| maar | ver -loss | ons | van | die | Quaa je. | Maer | verlos | ons | van | die | Quaet. | |
| but | deliver | 1PL | of | DET | evil | but | deliver | 1PL | of | DET | evil |
| 30 | Want | van | Joe | ben | die | Ko ning rik, | Want | van | Ju | bin | die | Ko -ningrik, |
| because | of | 2SG | BE | DET | kingdom | because | of | 2SG | BE | DET | kingdom |
| en | die | Kracht, | en | die | Heer -lik heid | die | Kragt | en | die | Heerlikheit | |
| and | DET | power | and | DET | glory | DET | power | and | DET | glory |
| na | Ee wig heid. | Amen. | tee | na | die | Eewigheit. | Amen | |
| NA | eternity | amen | until | NA | DET | eternity | amen |
| Kingo | Wold | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Di | Tien | Got | Gebot. | Godt | si | tien | Gebot | |
| DET | ten | God | commandment. | God | 3POS | ten | commandment |
| DI | ERSTE. | Die | Eerste. | |
| DET | first | DET | first |
| Mi | bin | di | Heer | ju | Got, | Mie | bin | die | Heer, | Ju | Godt, | |
| 1SG | BE | DET | Lord | 2SG | God | 1SG | BE | DET | Lord | 2SG | God |
| ju | no | sa | ha | ander | Got | senner | Ju | no | sa | hab | niet | een | ander | Godt | |
| 2SG | NEG | FUT | have | other | God | 3PL | 2SG | NEG | FUT | have | NEG | one | other | God |
| bitten | mi. | meer | as | mie. | |
| outside | 1SG | more | as | 1SG |
| DI | TVEDE. | Die | Tweede. | |
| DET | second | DET | second |
| Ju | no | sa | gebryk | Ju | no | sa | gebryk | |
| 2SG | NEG | FUT | use | 2SG | NEG | FUT | use |
| 40 | di | Heer, | ju | Got | Naem | die | Heer | Ju | Godt | sie | Naem |
| DET | Lord | 2SG | God | name | DET | Lord | 2SG | God | 3POS | name |
| for | soso, | na | een | wissie | wassie | Ma -nier; | |
| FOR | so -so | NA | a | wishy | washy | manner |
| vant | di | Heer | Fordiemaek | die | Heer | |
| because | DET | Lord | therefore | DET | Lord |
| em | sa | straf | di | senner, | hem | sa | straf | sender, | |
| 3SG | FUT | punish | DET | 3PL | 3SG | FUT | punish | 3PL |
| di | le | gebryk | si | Naem | so -so. | die | le | gebryk | sie | Naem | voor | soso. | |
| DET | ASP | use | 3POS | name | so -so | DET | ASP | use | 3POS | name | FOR | so -so |
| 45 | DI | DERDE. | Die | Derde. |
| DET | third | DET | third |
| Denk | op, | Dink | op | |
| think | up | think | up |
| da | ju | le | hou | die | Rees -Dag | heilig. | die | Rest -Dag, | dat | Ju | hou | hem | heilig. | |
| that | 2SG | ASP | keep | DET | rest -day | holy | DET | rest -day | that | 2SG | keep | 3SG | holy |
| DI | FIIRDE. | Die | Vierde. | |
| DET | fourth | DET | fourth |
| Hou | ju | Tatta | mit | ju | Mamma | na | Respekt, | Respecteer | Ju | Tata | mit | Ju | Mama, | |
| keep | 2SG | father | with | 2SG | mother | NA | respect | respect | 2SG | father | with | 2SG | mother |
| 50 | da | di | kan | kom | for | lop | ju | frei14, | dat | die | kan | loop | Ju | fraej, |
| that | DET | can | come | FOR | go | 2SG | well | that | DET | can | walk | 2SG | well |
| en | ju | kan | leef | lang | na | di | Verel. | en | dat | Ju | kan | leef | lang | na | bobo | die | Aerde. | |
| and | 2SG | can | live | long | NA | DET | world | and | that | 2SG | can | live | long | NA | above | DET | earth |
| DI | FEIFDE. | Die | Veifde. | |
| DET | fifth | DET | fifth |
| Ju | no | sa | matta | nit | een | Folk. | Ju | no | sa | martae | niet | een | Volk. | |
| 2SG | NEG | FUT | kill | NEG | one | folk | 2SG | NEG | FUT | kill | NEG | one | folk |
| DI | SESDE. | Die | Sesde. | |
| DET | sixth | DET | sixth |
| 55 | Ju | no | sa | huur. | Ju | no | sa | huur. |
| 2SG | NEG | FUT | whore | 2SG | NEG | FUT | whore |
| DI | SEVENDE. | Die | Seevende. | |
| DET | seventh | DET | seventh |
| Ju | no | sa | dif. | Ju | no | sa | dief. | |
| 2SG | NEG | FUT | steal | 2SG | NEG | FUT | steal |
| DI | AKSTE. | Die | Agtste. | |
| DET | eighth | DET | eighth |
| Ju | no | sa | praet | fals | Getygen | Ju | no | sa | praet | vals | Getiegen | |
| 2SG | NEG | FUT | speak | false | witness | 2SG | NEG | FUT | speak | false | witness |
| 60 | tegen | ju | Naeste. | teegen | Ju | Naeste. |
| against | 2SG | neighbour | against | 2SG | neighbour |
| DI | NEGENDE. | Die | Neegende. | |
| DET | ninth | DET | ninth |
| Ju | no | sa | begeer | Ju | no | sa | hab | sin | |
| 2SG | NEG | FUT | desire | 2SG | NEG | FUT | have | desire |
| ju | Naeste | Hus. | na | Ju | Naeste | sie | Hus. | |
| 2SG | neighbour | house | NA | 2SG | neighbour | 3POS | house |
| DI | TIENDE. | Die | Tiende. | |
| DET | tenth | DET | tenth |
| 65 | Ju | no | sa | hab | sin | Ju | no | sa | ha | Sin |
| 2SG | NEG | FUT | have | desire | 2SG | NEG | FUT | have | desire |
| na | ju | Naeste | si | Vif, | na | Ju | Naeste | sie | Wif, | |
| NA | 2SG | neighbour | 3POS | wife | NA | 2SG | neighbour | 3POS | wife |
| si | Jong, | si | Meisi, | si | Os, | si | Borika, | sie | Jong, | sie | Meisje, | sie | Os, | sie | Borika, | |
| 3POS | boy | 3POS | girl | 3POS | ox | 3POS | donkey | 3POS | boy | 3POS | girl | 3POS | ox | 3POS | donkey |
| of | eniste | gut, | fan | allema | di*,* | en | na | niet | een | gut, | |
| or | any | thing | of | all | DET | and | NA | NEG | one | thing |
| di | fan | em. | die | bin | van | hem. | |
| DET | of | 3SG | DET | BE | of | 3SG |
| 70 | Fan | allema | di | Gebot | senner | Van | almael | die | Gebot, |
| of | all | DET | commandment | 3PL | of | all | DET | commandment |
| da | so | Got | le | praet | da | soo | Godt | le | praet | |
| EMP | so | God | ASP | speak | EMP | so | God | ASP | speak |
| na | 2 | Mos. | 20 | Kp. | 5,6, | v. | na | Moses | sie | tweede | Buk | 20 | Cap. 5.6.Vers. | |
| NA | 2 | Mos. | 20: | Ch. | 5 -6, | v. | NA | Moses | 3POS | second | book | 20 | Ch.5th.6th.Verse |
| Kingo | Wold | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gebet | for | sei | op | fru fru, | as | ju | le | hoppo. | Gebet | for | vruvrue, | as | Ju | hoppo | van | Slaep. | |
| prayer | FOR | say | up | early -RED | as | 2SG | ASP | up | prayer | FOR | early.RED | as | 2SG | up | from | sleep |
| Mi | le | sei | ju | mussi | groot | Danki, | O! | Mie | seg | Ju | groot | Dankie | O | |
| 1SG | ASP | say | 2SG | much | big | thanks | o | 1SG | say | 2SG | big | thanks | o |
| 75 | Fader | en | Heer | fan | di | Hemel | Vaeder, | Heer | van | Heemel |
| Father | and | lord | or | DET | heaven | Father | Lord | of | heaven |
| en | di | Gront | door | Jesum | Kristum15 | en | Aerde, | door | Jesus | Christus | |
| and | DET | earth | through | Jesus | Christ | and | earth | through | Jesus | Christ |
| ju | lief -de | Soon, | ons | Heilant, | Ju | lieve | Soon, | ons | Heilant, | |
| 2SG | dear | Son | 1PL | Saviour | 2SG | dear | Son | 1PL | Saviour |
| da | ju | ka | bevaer | mi | na | di | Donker, | dat | Ju | ka | be -waer | mie | fraej | na | die | Donker, | |
| that | 2SG | PRF | save | 1SG | NA | DET | darkness | that | 2SG | PRF | save | 1SG | well | NA | DET | darkness |
| en | ka | parra | allega | Qvaet | fan | mi, | en | ka | parae | almael | qwaet | van | mie: | |
| and | PRF | keep | all | evil | of | 1SG | and | PRF | keep | all | evil | of | 1SG |
| 80 | mi | le | bet | ju | mussi, | Mie | bidt | Ju, |
| 1SG | ASP | pray | 2SG | much | 1SG | pray | 2SG |
| dat | ju | vil | bevaer | mi | okal | fan | Dag, | dat | Ju | wil | bewaer | mie | ookal | van | Dag, | |
| that | 2SG | will | keep | 1SG | also | of | day | that | 2SG | will | keep | 1SG | also | of | day |
| da | mi | no | sa | kom | for | fal | dat | mie | no | sa | val | |
| that | 1SG | NEG | FUT | come | FOR | fall | that | 1SG | NEG | FUT | fall |
| na | binne | di | Sondo16, | of | an -der | Qvaet, | na | Sonde | of | ander | Qwaet, | |
| NA | inside | DET | sin | or | other | evil | NA | sin | or | other | evil |
| ma | gif! | da | allema | mi | Ge -dagten, | maer | gief, | dat | almael | mie | Gedagten, | |
| but | give | that | all | 1SG | thought.PL | but | give | that | all | 1SG | thought.PL |
| 85 | Voort | en | Verk | senner | mie | Woort | en | mie | Werk | sender |
| word | and | work | 3PL | 1SG | word | and | 1SG | work | 3PL |
| mut | ves | frei | for | ju, | mut | wees | fraej | na | Ju; | |
| must | BE | well | FOR | 2SG | must | BE | well | NA | 2SG |
| vant | mi | le | betrou | mi | self | Want | mie | le | be -trou | mie | self, | |
| because | 1SG | ASP | entrust | 1SG | self | because | 1SG | ASP | entrust | 1SG | self |
| mit | Leggom | en | Siel | mie | Likam | en | Siel | mit | almael | gut | |
| with | body | and | soul | 1SG | body | and | soul | with | all | thing |
| na | ju | Hant, | na | ju | Hant: | |
| NA | 2SG | hand | NA | 2SG | hand |
| 90 | no | la | stan | ju | heilig | Engel | senner | No | la -staen | Ju | heilig | Engel | sender |
| NEG | let | stand | 2SG | holy | angel | 3PL | NEG | let -stand | 2SG | holy | angel | 3PL |
| lop | nit | een | Plek | fan | mi, | loop | niet | een | Plek | van | mie, | |
| walk | NEG | one | place | of | 1SG | walk | NEG | one | place | of | 1SG |
| da | di | Divel | no | sa | for | du | mi | dat | die | Die -vel | no | sa | due | mi | |
| that | DET | devil | NEG | FUT | FOR | do | 1SG | that | DET | devil | NEG | FUT | do | 1SG |
| een | Qvaet. | Amen. | niet | een | gut. | Amen. | Ons | Vaeder | &c. | |
| one | evil | amen | NEG | one | thing | amen | 1PL | Father | etc. |
| Kingo | Wold | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gebet | for | di | Skoolkint | senner. | Gebet | voor | en | Skool -Kint. | |
| prayer | FOR | DET | schoolchild | 3PL | prayer | FOR | a | school -child |
| 95 | O! | Ju | eene | Almagtig | Got | O | Ju | eewig | en | eene | almagtig | Godt, |
| O | 2SG | one | almighty | God | O | 2SG | eternal | and | one | almighty | God |
| Fader; | Soon | en | Heilig | Gees, | Vaeder, | Soon | en | Heilig | Geest, | |
| Father | Son | and | holy | Spirit | Father | Son | and | holy | Spirit |
| ju | di | bin | een | Fader | over | alle=ma | di, | Ju | die | bin | Vaeder | over | al, | |
| 2SG | DET | BE | one | Father | over | all | DET | 2SG | DET | BE | Father | over | all |
| di | ha | kint | Naem | fan | di | Hemel | die | hab | Naem | van | Kint | na | Heemel | |
| DET | have | child | name | of | DET | heaven | DET | have | name | of | child | NA | heaven |
| en | di | Gront, | help | mi | pover | Kint | en | Aerde, | help | mie, | mie | pover | Kint, | |
| and | DET | earth | help | 1SG | poor | child | and | earth | help | 1SG | 1SG | poor | child |
| 100 | en | stier17 | mi | di | Heilig | Gees | en | styer | mie | die | Heilig | Geest |
| and | send | 1SG | DET | holy | Spirit | and | send | 1SG | DET | holy | Spirit |
| for | braek | mi | Haert, | for | breek | mie | Hart, | |
| FOR | break | 1SG | heart | FOR | break | 1SG | heart |
| en | for | gif | mi | Hon -ger | na | ju | Voort, | en | gief | mie | Honger | na | Ju | Woort, | |
| and | FOR | give | 1SG | hunger | NA | 2SG | word | and | give | 1SG | hunger | NA | 2SG | word |
| di | bin | di | ret | Pat | for | kom | viis, | die | bin | die | regt | Begin | for | kom | wies; | |
| DET | BE | DET | right | path | FOR | come | wise | DET | BE | DET | right | beginning | FOR | come | wise |
| bevaer | mi | fan | al | fals | leer, | Bewaer | mie | van | al | vals | Leer, | |
| save | 1SG | from | all | false | teaching | save | 1SG | from | all | false | teaching |
| 105 | en | la | stan | mi | grui -j | op | en | Lastaen | mie | gruj | op |
| and | let | stand | 1SG | grow | up | and | let.stand | 1SG | grow | up |
| na | di | ene | vare | Glof, | na | die | een | waer | Gloof, | |
| NA | DET | one | true | belief | NA | DET | one | true | belief |
| en | hou | stif | na | di | te | mi | laste, | en | hou | vast | na | die | tee | mie | leste: | |
| and | hold | rigid | NA | DET | until | 1SG | last | and | hold | fast | NA | DET | until | 1SG | last |
| plant | na | mi | die | vare | Liefde | na | ju, | Plant | na | mie | die | waer | Liefde | na | Ju, | |
| plant | NA | 1SG | DET | true | love | NA | 2SG | plant | NA | 1SG | DET | true | love | NA | 2SG |
| da | ju | Voort | mut | kom | for | fas | Vortel | dat | Ju | Woort | mut | wortel | vast | |
| that | 2SG | word | must | come | FOR | seize | root | that | 2SG | word | must | root | fast |
| 110 | na | mi | Haert, | na | mie | Hart, |
| NA | 1SG | heart | NA | 1SG | heart |
| en | di | mi | mut | drag | mi | self | frei18; | en | dat | mie | mut | draeg | mie | self | fraej; | |
| and | DET | 1SG | must | carry | 1SG | self | well | and | that | 1SG | must | carry | 1SG | self | well |
| help, | da | di | Divel, | di | Verel, | Help | mie, | dat | die | Die -vel, | die | Weerelt, | |
| help | that | DET | devil | DET | world | help | 1SG | that | DET | devil | DET | world | |
| mi | eigen | Fleis | en | Blut | mie | eigen | Vleis | en | Bluet, | ||||
| 1SG | own | flesh | and | blood | 1SG | own | flesh | and | blood |
| en | qvai | Geselskap | en | qwaej | Geselskap | |
| and | evil | company | and | evil | company |
| 115 | no | sa | bedrig | en | fer -lei | mi, | no | sa | bedrieg | en | verlej | mie; |
| NEG | FUT | deceive | and | tempt | 1SG | NEG | FUT | deceive | and | tempt | 1SG |
| da | mi | kan | kom | for | grui-j | op | Dat | mie | kan | gruj | op | |
| that | 1SG | can | come | FOR | grow | up | that | 1SG | can | grow | up |
| as | een | frei | Plantki19 | as | een | fraej | Plantje, | |
| like | a | nice | plant.DIM | like | a | nice | plant.DIM |
| en | blui -j | na | al | Rektfer -digheit, | en | bluj | na | al | Regtveerdigheit, | |
| and | blossom | NA | all | righteousness | and | blossom | NA | all | righteousness |
| na | Ferstant | en | gui -j | Maneren | na | al | fraej | Verstant | en | guej | Manier | |
| NA | understanding | and | good | manner.PL | NA | all | good | sense | and | good | manner |
| 120 | for | Got | en | ider | Mens; | voor | Godt, | en | ieder | Mens. |
| FOR | God | and | every | human.being | FOR | God | and | every | human.being |
| hoor | mi, | mi | Tat -ta | Hoor | mie | mie | Vaeder, | |
| hear | 1SG | 1SG | Father | hear | 1SG | 1SG | Father |
| na | di | Hemel | Ju | die | bin | na | binne | die | Heemel | |
| NA | DET | heaven | 2SG | DET | BE | NA | inside | DET | heaven |
| na | Jesu, | mi | Heilant | si | Naem. | Amen. | &c. | |
| NA | Jesus | 1SG | saviour | 3POS | name | amen | etc. |
| Kingo | Psalm-Buk 1770 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Melodi: | na | Jesu | Naem. | Melodie. | J. | Jesu | Navn20, | ||
| tune | NA | Jesus | name | tune | in | Jesus | name |
| 1. | 1. | |||
| 125 | O! | Planter -Man | O! | Planterman, |
| o | planter -man | o | planter.man |
| Ju | frei | en | sutto21 | Got, | Ju | fraej | en | sutte | Godt, | |
| 2SG | good | and | sweet | God | 2SG | good | and | sweet | God |
| Di | alle | Lan | En | elke | na | si | Stan | Die | alle | Lant, | en | elke | na | sie | Stant, | |
| DET | all | land | and | each | NA | 3P0S | class | DET | all | land | and | each | NA | 3P0S | class |
| Rup | door | ju | Voort | en | Gebot: | Rup | door | Ju | Woort | en | G'bot; | |
| call | through | 2SG | word | and | command | call | through | 2SG | word | and | command |
| Help | mi, | da | mi | hoor | ju | Rup | Help | mie, | dat | mie | hoor | Ju | Rup | |
| help | 1SG | that | 1SG | hear | 2SG | call | help | 1SG | that | 1SG | hear | 2SG | call |
| 130 | En | kom | klug, | En | kom | kluk, |
| and | come | alert | and | come | alert |
| Da | ju | krig | Sin | na | mi, | Dat | Ju | krieg | Sin | na | mie, | |
| that | 2SG | get | desire | NA | 1SG | that | 2SG | get | desire | NA | 1SG |
| Vant | ju | ka | kop | mi | Fri: | Dat | Ju | ka | koop | mie | vrie; | |
| because | 2SG | PRF | buy | 1SG | free | that | 2SG | PRF | buy | 1SG | free | |
| Stier | mi | lop | na | ju | Plantaj, | Stier | mie | loop | na | Ju | Plantaj | |
| send | 1SG | walk | NA | 2SG | plantation | send | 1SG | walk | NA | 2SG | plantation |
| Da | for | plant, | for | verk | en | sai, | Daer | for | plant, | for | werk | en | saej, | |
| EMP | FOR | plant | FOR | work | and | sow | there | FOR | plant | FOR | work | and | sow |
| 135 | Brek | mi | Haert, | as | di | bin | tai. | Breek | mie | Hart, | as | die | bin | taej. |
| break | 1SG | heart | as | DET | BE | tough | break | 1SG | heart | as | DET | BE | tough |
| 2. | 2. | |||||
| Vaneer | ju | ma | Wanneer | Ju | maer, | |
| when | 2SG | but | when | 2SG | but |
| Self | le | deel | yt | di | Loon, | Self | le | partie | die | Loon; | |
| self | ASP | part | out | DET | wage | self | ASP | part.out | DET | wage |
| Denk | mi | op | da | Mi | Verk | ben | passima22; | Ju | denk | op | daer, | mie | Werk | ka | pasima, | |
| think | 1SG | up | that | 1SG | work | BE | skinny | 2SG | think | up | while | 1SG | work | PRF | skinny |
| Ju | fan | Gnade | skenk | Pardoon; | Ju | van | Gnaede | skenk | Pardoon; | |
| 2SG | of | mercy | grant | pardon | 2SG | of | mercy | grant | pardon |
| 140 | Vant | as | mi | kik, | en | le | suk | Want, | as | mie | kik, | en | le | suk, |
| because | as | 1SG | look | and | ASP | search | because | as | 1SG | look | and | ASP | search |
| Na | mi | Dag -Buk, | Va | Gut | mi | ka | ferdin | Na | mie | Dag -Buk, | Wagut24 | mie | ka | verdien, | |
| NA | 1SG | day -book23 | what | thing | 1SG | PRF | earn | NA | 1SG | day -book | what | 1SG | PRF | earn |
| Di | no | bin | na | ju | Sin: | |
| DET | NEG | BE | NA | 2SG | desire |
| Di | mak25! | Jesu | denk | op | mi, | Die | maek | Jesu | denk | op | mie | |
| DET | make | Jesus | think | up | 1SG | DET | make | Jesus | think | up | 1SG |
| Nit | een | Gut, | mi | ha | for | kri, | Niet | een | gut | mie | hab | voor | krieg, | |
| NEG | one | thing | 1SG | have | FOR | get | NEG | one | thing | 1SG | have | FOR | get |
| 145 | As | ju | no | le | jammer | mi. | As | Ju | no | le | jammer | mie. |
| as | 2SG | NEG | ASP | pity | 1SG | as | 2SG | NEG | ASP | pity | 1SG |
| Joh. 6 Kp. 54, 55, 56 v. | |
| John 6 Ch. 54, 55, 56 v. |
| Em, | di | le | jet | mi | Fleis, | en | drink | mi | |
| 3SG | DET | ASP | eat | 1SG | flesh | and | drink | 1SG |
| Blut, | em | ha | een | evig | Lif, | en | mi | sa | mak | |
| blood | 3SG | have | a | eternal | life | and | 1SG | FUT | make |
| em | hoppo | na | di | laste | Dag; | vant | mi | Fleis | |
| 3SG | up | NA | DET | last | day | because | 1SG | flesh |
| 150 | bin | vaer | jet, | en | mi | Blut | vaer | Drink. |
| BE | true | eat | and | 1SG | blood | true | drink |
| Di | geen | jet | mi | Fleis, | en | drink | mi | Blut | |
| DET | one | eat | 1SG | flesh | and | drink | 1SG | blood |
| em | blif | na | mi, | en | mi | na | em. | |
| 3SG | stay | NA | 1SG | and | 1SG | NA | 3SG |
| 1 Petr. 1 Kp. 13, 14, 15, v. | |
| 1 Peter 1 Ch. 13, 14, 15, v. |
| So | mak | jenner | Sin | los | fan | di | Verel | ves | |
| so | make | 2PL | desire | loose | from | DET | world | BE |
| 155 | nykter, | en | set | jenner | Hoop | heel | heel | na |
| sober | and | place | 2PL | hope | very | very | NA |
| di | Gnade, | di | nu | le | kom | for | offereer | jenner | na | |
| DET | mercy | DET | now | ASP | come | FOR | offer | 2PL | NA |
| di | Kennis | fan | Jesu | Kristo: | ves | so | as | gehoorsam | |
| DET | knowledge | of | Jesus | Christ | BE | so | like | obedient |
| Kinder, | da | jenner | no | hou | an | na | di | sondig | Lust, | |
| child | that | 2PL | NEG | keep | on | NA | DET | sinful | desire |
| senner, | Velke | jenner | ka | ha | te foren | na | jenner | |
| 3PL | which | 2PL | PRF | have | before | NA | 2PL |
| 160 | Blinheit; | ma | evenso | em | bin | heilig, | di | ka | rup |
| blindness | but | equal.so | 3SG | BE | holy | DET | PRF | call |
| jenner, | so | jenner | okal | ves | heilig | na | jenner | |
| 2PL | so | 2PL | also | BE | holy | NA | 2PL |
| Vandle. | |
| walk |
| Ebr. 13 Kp. 20, 21, v. | |
| Hebr. 13 Ch. 20, 21, v. |
| Di | Got | fan | di | Frede, | em, | di | ha | bring | yt | |
| DET | God | of | DET | peace | 3SG | DET | PST | bring | out |
| 165 | fan | di | doot | veran | di | grooto26 | Baes | over | di |
| of | DET | dead | again | DET | big | boss | over | DET |
| Skap | senner, | ons | Heer | Jesum | Kristum, | door | |
| sheep | 3PL | 1PL | Lord | Jesus | Christ | through |
| een | evig | Testament27 | Blut, | Em | mak | jenner | be - | |
| one | eternal | testament | blood | 3SG | make | 2PL | competent |
| qvaem | na | al | frei | Verk | for | du | si | Sin; | en | Em | |
| {-} | NA | all | good | work | FOR | do | 3POS | desire | and | 3SG |
| Verk | na | binne | jenner | di | gut, | di | bin | frei | for | |
| work | NA | inside | 2PL | DET | thing | DET | BE | good | FOR |
| 170 | Em | self, | door | Jesum | Kristum, | Velke | ves | Eer |
| 3SG | self | through | Jesus | Christ | which | BE | honour |
| na | al | Evigheit. | Amen. | |
| NA | all | eternity | amen |
| FIN. | |
| end |
4.2 Dialogues and proverbs
Like the primers, the ‘ABC booklets’, the grammars cannot be said to have strictly secular contents. Yet we have put any material from these sources in a chapter titled ‘Lay material’. The edifying aspect of the contents of the material was not, we believe, the main objective of the authors. The ABC booklets were principally intended to
13. Neu Herrnhut on St. Thomas.
further the acquisition of literacy by (native) Negerhollands speakers. The grammars principally analyzed and classified the structures of Negerhollands according to the classical Latin mould. They were also used for second language acquisition by missionaries and by other literates as well (at any rate, Magens, the author, was a layman himself). The target audience probably consisted of literate Europeans who had not been in contact with the language before. This may be one of the reasons why all grammars contain conversations which were obviously intended to illustrate Negerhollands in its daily spoken form.
In this chapter we present text samples from all three known grammars: two Moravian manuscript grammars, one of which is a part of Oldendorp's Missionsgeschichte of the early 1770s, and the other the Herrnhut grammar of around 1802; and the famous printed grammar of 1770 by Magens. From Magens, we also took a number of proverbs, including some of their Danish translations.
4.2.1 Dialogue from Oldendorp's Missionsgeschichte
The following dialogue passage is from the grammar part of the fair manuscript copy of Oldendorp's Missionsgeschichte. From several conversations in Oldendorp's manuscript it becomes clear that many slaves, especially the married ones, bring their arguments before the congregation's Minister for judgement.
1.) Gespräch zwischen Baas nebst seiner Frau und einem ungetauften Ehepaar.28
‘Conversation between the Minister with his wife and an unbaptized married couple.’
| 1 | Baas. | Wagoed | jender | ha | voor | praat | mee | malkander. | Laatstaan |
| Minister | what | 2PL | have | FOR | talk | with | each.other | let |
| ons | hoor | jender | na | voor | malkander. | Koffee! | joe | begin | voor | |
| 1PL | hear | 2PL | NA | FOR | each.other | Koffee | 2SG | start | FOR |
| praat. | Koffee. | Baas! | da | mi | wief | ben | da. | Em | no | doe | niemetal | |
| talk | Koffee | Minister | EMP | 1SG | wife | BE | there | 3SG | NEG | do | nothing |
| voor | mi: | em | no | kook | pot, | em | no | soek | hout, | em | no | gie | mi | water | |
| FOR | 1SG | 3SG | NEG | cook | pot | 3SG | NEG | seek | wood | 3SG | NEG | give | 1SG | water |
| 5 | voor | wasch | mi | hand | en | mi | voet, | em | no | gie | mi | vuur | voor | stek | op29 |
| FOR | wash | 1SG | hand | and | 1SG | foot | 3SG | NEG | give | 1SG | fire | FOR | stick | up |
| mi | pipe, | em | no | werk | mee | mi | na | plantij30. | Voor | sosoo | mi | ha | em, | |
| 1SG | pipe | 3SG | NEG | work | with | 1SG | NA | plantation | FOR | nothing | 1SG | have | 3SG |
| mi | no | weet, | dat | mi | ha | wief | self. | Da | no | waar? | |
| 1SG | NEG | know | that | 1SG | have | wife | self | EMP | NEG | true |
| B. | Noe, | Tetee!, | praat | joe | reden. | Wagoed | joe | ha | voor | praat? | |
| B | now | Tetee | talk | 2SG | reason | what | 2SG | have | FOR | talk |
| Die | ben | waar, | wat | Koffee | praat? | |
| DET | BE | true | what | Koffee | talk |
| 10 | Tetee. | Die | no | ben | waar. | Die | tied, | mi | a | neem | em, | em | no | a | ha |
| Tetee | DET | NEG | BE | true | DET | time | 1SG | PST | take | 3SG | 3SG | NEG | PST | have |
| doeki | na | si | lief. | Da | mi | a | maak | em | voor | Man. | Mi | a | koop | doeki | |
| cloth | NA | 3POS | body | EMP | 1SG | PST | make | 3SG | FOR | man | 1SG | PST | buy | cloth |
| voor | em, | mi | nij | em | broek, | en | kamisol, | en | hemmede, | karpoes | |
| FOR | 3SG | 1SG | sew | 3SG | trousers | and | camisole | and | shirt | cap |
| ookal. | Van | sens | mi | ha | em, | em | no | a | gie | mi | niet | een | goed. | Mi | ha | |
| also | from | since | 1SG | have | 3SG | 3SG | NEG | PST | give | 1SG | NEG | one | thing | 1SG | have |
| soo | moeschi | Kinders | van | em: | em | no | gie | mi | jeet | voor | mi | en | mi | |
| so | many | child.PL | of | 3SG | 3SG | NEG | give | 1SG | food | FOR | 1SG | and | 1SG |
| 15 | Kinders. | As | mi | no | werk, | voor | koop | brood, | ons | no | sal | ha | jeet. |
| child.PL | as | 1SG | NEG | work | FOR | buy | bread | 1PL | NEG | FUT | have | food |
| Em | ha | soo | veel | kassau | na | si | plantij. | Wanneer | em | trek | die, | da | |
| 3SG | have | so | many | cassave | NA | 3POS | plantation | when | 3SG | pull | DET | EMP |
| mi | moe | krou | die, | da | mi | moe | bak | die, | da | mi | moe | verkoop | die | |
| 1SG | must | rasp | DET | EMP | 1SG | must | bake | DET | EMP | 1SG | must | sell | DET |
| ookal, | en | mi | moe | gie | die | Man | die | stuver. | Baas! | em | no | gie | mi | |
| also | and | 1SG | must | give | DET | man | DET | penny | Minister | 3SG | NEG | give | 1SG |
| soo - -veel31, | em | no | gie | mi | een | stuver | van | die. | Wanneer | mi | vraag | |
| so -much | 3SG | NEG | give | 1SG | a | penny | of | DET | when | 1SG | ask |
| 20 | die | Man, | em | sal | gie | mi | een | stuver: | em | le | quaat, | em | le | see, | mi |
| DET | man | 3SG | FUT | give | 1SG | a | penny | 3SG | ASP | angry | 3SG | ASP | say | 1SG |
| no | ha. | Baas! | die | loop | soo - | Mi | no | weet, | wat | plek | em | doe | si | |
| NEG | have | Minister | DET | walk | so | 1SG | NEG | know | what | place | 3SG | put | 3POS |
| stuvers. | Mi | moe | vind | die | kleer | mee | die | jeet | voor | mi | mee | mi | |
| penny.PL | 1SG | must | find | DET | clothes | with | DET | food | FOR | 1SG | with | 1SG |
| Kinders, | en | voor | die | Man | ookal. | En | as | mi | no | gie | em, | em | no | ha | |
| child.PL | and | FOR | DET | man | also | and | as | 1SG | NEG | give | 3SG | 3SG | NEG | have |
| doeki | voor | draag. | Koffee. | Die | no | ben | waar, | wat | joe | praat. | |
| cloth | FOR | wear | Koffee | DET | NEG | BE | true | what | 2SG | talk |
| 25 | Tetee. | Gie | mi | tied | voor | praat, | mi | ook | a | gie | joe | tied. | Da | no |
| Tetee | give | 1SG | time | FOR | talk | 1SG | also | PST | give | 2SG | time | EMP | NEG |
| allegaar | van | mi | sweet, | wagoed | mi | ha?32 | Mi | werk, | tee | die | sweet | |
| all | of | 1SG | sweat | what | 1SG | have | 1SG | work | until | DET | sweat |
| drup | na | grond. | Baas! | van | sens | mi | ha | em, | em | no | a | gie | mi | sije, | |
| drip | NA | ground | Minister | of | since | 1SG | have | 3SG | 3SG | NEG | PST | give | 1SG | skirt |
| em | no | a | gie | mi | japoenje, | em | no | a | gie | mi | naesdoek33, | em | no | ben | |
| 3SG | NEG | PST | give | 1SG | dress.DIM | 3SG | NEG | PST | give | 1SG | nose.cloth | 3SG | NEG | BE |
| kapabel | voor | merteneer34 | si | kinders. | As | mi | kook | jeet | voor | em, | em | |
| capable | FOR | maintain | 3POS | child.PL | as | 1SG | cook | food | FOR | 3SG | 3SG |
| 30 | le | see, | die | jeet | no | fraai. | En | mi | moe | koop | die | vleesch. | As | mi |
| ASP | say | DET | food | NEG | well | and | 1SG | must | buy | DET | meat | as | 1SG |
| no | tek | hand | na | mi | sak, | voor | koop | die | jeet, | ons | no | ha | jeet. | Mi | |
| NEG | put | hand | NA | 1SG | sa |