III Negerhollands bibliography
Comprehensive bibliography of texts in or about the Negerhollands language
In works about the Virgin Islands, a paragraph or a chapter is frequently devoted to Negerhollands and its written sources. However, the authors did not always have the chance to see these sources themselves as they have been kept in libraries or archives inaccessible to them. This has led to minor and major mistakes in the references, which were often copied and passed on in later publications by others. None of the previous works, bibliographical or not, are complete in this sense. As we had the chance to check references to most existing sources of Negerhollands first-hand, we were able to uncover many of the mistakes and, in some cases, reveal hitherto unknown sources. Though probably no bibliography will ever be complete, we have attempted here to compose as exhaustive and correct a bibliography as possible. Even though we do not hesitate to point out mistakes in other bibliographies, we acknowledge wholeheartedly the fact that we stand on the shoulders of our predecessors. These fundamental works guided us and gave us the opportunity to connect loose ends and trace the correct references. At some future time the Moravian materials in the archives in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (USA), and possibly other collections as well should be studied in more detail.
The following bibliographies are, where applicable, quoted consistently with the systematic codes used in them:
Hesseling, Dirk Christiaan.
| 1905 | Het Negerhollands der Deense Antillen. Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis der Nederlandse taal in Amerika. Leiden: Sijthoff. Chapter II of this work on the Negerhollands language contains a richly annotated bibliography of a number of sources in Negerhollands found in Herrnhut and in Copenhagen. |
Reinecke, John E. et al.
| 1975 | ‘Negerhollands: Virgin Island Creole Dutch’. Chapter 58 of: A Bibliography of Pidgin and Creole Languages. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. pp. 318-321. Chapter 58 contains an annotated bibliography of sources in and about Negerhollands. It is frequently based on information from Larsen (1950) and Hesseling (1905). |
Stein, Peter.
| 1986b | ‘The Documents concerning the NegroDutch Language of the Danish Virgin Islands, St.Thomas, St.Croix, and St.John -Negerhollands-, in the Unitäts-Archiv (Archives of the Moravian Brethren) at Herrnhut. A commented Bibliography’, in: Amsterdam Creole Studies IX. pp. 19-31. |
| This bibliography contains nearly all documents in and on Negerhollands found in the archives of the Moravian Brethren in Herrnhut. Their coding derives from the original signatures. Because these codings reveal the relationships of the documents with each other, we have also included them in our bibliography. |
Vibaek, Jens.
| 1953 | ‘Dansk Vestindien 1755-1848, Vestindiens Storhedstid’, in: Johannes Brøndsted (ed). Vore Gamle Tropekolonier Volume 2. Copenhagen: Westermanns Forlag, 1953. 2nd ed. Copenhagen: Fremad, 1966. This work contains a chapter on ‘daily life’ in which some linguistic and bi(bli)ographical information is found. One of the appendices is a bibliographical list of Negerhollands, partially based on Hesseling (1905). |
Bibliographical information is also found in the following works, which are sometimes quoted in the present bibliography:
Ehrencron-Müller, H.
| 1924 | Forfatterlexicon omfattende Danmark, Norge og Island indtil 1814, Bind I-XII, København: H. Aschehoug & Co. |
Koch, L.
| 1905 | ‘Den danske mission i Vestindien’, in: Kirkehistoriske samlinger, 5.raekke, 3.bind, [Selskabet for Danmarks Kirkehistorie ved Holger Fr. Rørdam] Kjøbenhavn: G.E.C. Gad. pp. 144-180. |
Larsen, Jens [P.M.].
| 1950 | Virgin Islands Story; a History of The Lutheran State Church, Other Churches, Slavery, Education, and Culture in the Danish West Indies, now the Virgin Islands. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press. |
Lose, Emil Valdemar.
| 1891 | ‘Kort Udsigt over den dansk-lutherske Missions Historie paa St. Croix, St. Thomas og St. Jan’, in: Nordisk Missionstidsskrift, udgivet af J. Vahl, 1ste aargang. Kjøbenhavn: Hoffensberg & Trap's Etabl. (i kommission hos Fr. Bertelsen, Bethesda). pp. 1-37. |
Schuchardt, Hugo.
| 1914 | ‘Zum Negerhöllandischen von St. Thomas’, in: Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche Taal- en Letterkunde 33. pp. 123-135. |
As far as our information goes, sound recordings of Negerhollands have been made only since 1970. We feel that a bibliography of audiovisual sources of Negerhollands, and even a library of such, would be welcome now. As the language has been reported extinct since 1987, one could aim to be exhaustive. The present bibliography, however, only concerns written sources and consists of two parts: sources that exist only in manuscript form, and printed sources.
This bibliography is alphabetically ordered by author's name or, if no indication of the author exists, by the first content word of the title page. Titles are in italics, and articles or chapters are enclosed in quotation marks. When the author is known, but an explicit indication in the work itself is absent, or if he or she is part of the title, or when, for the lack of author and title, a description of the work had to be used to represent
the entry, this information is put between [square brackets]. Bibliographical information on the original title page that is not part of the author reference or the title itself is bracketed and in italics.
Different entries are separated from one another by a white space. When different references are found in the same entry, they are subparts included in the same publication (e.g. Wold).
For certain rare works, we have, like our predecessors, tried to give the correct signature, if possible, of the places where they can be found today.
Note that in Reinecke (1975), the little circle in e.g. ‘o1798’ indicates that the writers have not personally seen the work (entry number 28 in their bibliography). We have preserved this information by putting a ‘o’ in front of their entry number code, so now ‘o28’ means that they have not seen this work (from 1789) themselves. Works which we did not have the chance to see first-hand or in photocopied or microfilmed form are marked with an asterisk between braces, {*}, at the end of the pertinent entry, but before the bibliographical comments.
Abbreviations
| BUH | Universitets Bibliotek København (University Library of Copenhagen, since 1992 incorporated in DKB) |
| DKB | Det Kongelige Bibliotek (The Royal Library in Copenhagen) |
| EN | short English characterization of the title |
| ms. | manuscript |
| n.d. | not dated |
| RA | Rigsarkivet (State Archives in Copenhagen) |
| UA | Archiv der Brüder-Unität (Archives of the Moravian Brethren at Herrnhut) |
| UBA | Universiteitsbibliotheek Amsterdam (Amsterdam University Library) |
| UBL | Universiteitsbibliotheek Leiden (Leyden University Library) |
| unkn.aut. | unknown author |
| unkn.pub. | unknown publisher |
| unkn.pl. | unknown place |
