Index
| Abenitanta: in banya, 17 |
| Acculturation: in colonial society, 183; in Surinam, 183, 184 |
| Actors: in banya, 17; in laku, 17; in lobisingi, 18 |
| Adensi (mother of Johannes King), 116 |
| Adjectives: in Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
| Adrai, Noah (Matuari chief), 116, 118; foundation of Maripaston, 117; and Johannes King, 117, 118 |
| Adverb: in Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
| Aflaw: in banya, 17; in laku, 17; in lobisingi, 18; high morals, 18; pregnancy, 18 |
| Afrankeri: in banya, 17; in laku, 17 |
| Africa: slaves from, 1; tales of slavery starting in, 78; English pidgin in, 276; Portuguese pidgin in, 276 |
| African-derived items: in Surinam Creole, 3,275; in Saramaccan Creole, 4; for cultic purposes, 51, 53n |
| African elements: in winti songs, 59n; in children's play songs, 59n; in day names, 151n; in proverbs, 169n |
| African gods: kromanti, 51, 52-53, 221n. See also Deities; Kromanti |
| African origin: of the Ondrofenitori, 78; Creole denial of, 136; of Surinam Creole verbs, 274 |
| African rituals: for cultic purposes, 51 |
| Afro-Portuguese pidgin: on African coast, 3; on the plantation, 277; oldest source of Surinam Creole, 277; of slaves, 284 |
| Agida drum: in winti performance, 57n. See also Drums |
| Akademi: plantation, 19; laku group, 19 |
| Akantamasu (evil spirit), 239n, 263n. See also Deities |
| Akra. See Kra |
| Akuba, Magdalena (Johannes King's wife), 117 |
| Allusions: in banya, 19; in laku, 19; in lobisingi, 20 |
| Amba (day name), 151n. See also Day names |
| Amekisani: in laku, 19, 37n |
| Amemba (day name), 233n. See also Day names |
| Anáä, 73n |
| Anamu, 223n |
| Anan, 73n |
| Anana: creator, 52; human beings reaching, 52; mentioned in prayers, 52; songs in honor of, 52; church hymns in honor of, 52n; the Bible as book of; 52n; as sky god, 53n. See also Deities; Sky gods |
| Anansi: as trickster hero, 77-78 |
| Anansitori, 77; type of folktale, 77; as entertainment, 77; distinction between Ondrofenitori and, 77; collections of, 77-78; background, 78; with human characters, 79; presented as fiction, 79 |
| Ancestor cult: in Creole society, 17; banya performance, 17; yorkabanya, 17; songs used in, 51; children's songs in, 51; yorka, 51, 54; kabra yorka, 54; identification of song, 54; susa, 54n; song text, 60; storytelling, 76 |
| Anda, 245n |
| Animals: in folktales, 78 |
| Animal story: explaining a banya performance, 79; text, 108-14 |
| Ansubangi (place name), 71n |
| Anthologies: De Tsjerne (Frisian), 12, |
| 165n, 185; Schwarzer Orpheus (German), 153n; Meesters der Negervertelkunst (Dutch), 165n; Wortoe d'e tan abra, 217n |
| Apinti (drum), 199n, 231n. See also Drums |
| Apskraps: Dutch-derived item, 41n |
| Arawak Indians, 1 |
| A reddi: English-derived item, 283 |
| Arede: English-derived item, 283 |
| Arusubanya (rapids), 199n |
| Arwepi (bead), 223n |
| Asabi, 211n |
| Asian immigrants: need for, 8; in the Creole community, 8; assimilation, 8; languages, 11; in laku performance, 17; and British high commissioner, 19, 37n |
| Asringri: in banya, 17 |
| Assimilation policy: in education, 8, 9; effects on personality, 13; effects on Surinam Creole literature, 13; and Surinamese students in Holland, 10, 164; Vidia Naipaul on, 184. See also Government |
| Audience: participation, 76; interruption, 76-77; instruction, 78; influencing the narrator, 79 |
| Awaradan (alley in Paramaribo), 223n |
| Awese: collection of poems, 217n; forms in non-Christian religion, 221n |
| Aysa: other names, 18, 221n; nyanfaro, 18; identification of songs in honor of, 18, 19; song texts, 22, 34; importance, 51; heading the ceremony, 52; ritual ceremony in honor of, 163n |
| Babel, Jacob (Broos-negro narrator), 79 |
| Backyard, 136n |
| Bakadina: English-derived item, 283 |
| Bakafutu-banya: type of banya, 17 |
| Bakagron, 83n |
| Bakaman, 39n |
| Bakru (evil spirits), 239n. See also Deities |
| Balata bleeders: ballad (text), 70-72 |
| Baljaar: Du society changing into, 15n |
| Bamborita (shirt), 239n |
| Banya: as special type of song and dance, 16; Comvalius's hypothesis on, 16; musical comedy, 17; types, 17; in honor of ancestors, 17; characters, 17; singers, 17; actors, 17; spectators, 17, 19; description, 17; kwakwa, 17, 18; parts of, 18, 19, 79; komparsi, 18; religious preparation, 18; nyanfaro, 18; examples of songs, 18-19; songs in honor of earth mother, 18; song texts, 22-32; function of bakaman, 39n; description in an animal story, 79; drum playing, 79 |
| Barbados: Francis, Lord Willoughby, governor of, 2; colony recaptured by, 2; slaves from, 284 |
| Bar maske: kind of winti performance, 53 |
| Basic verbs: in Surinam Creole, 274 |
| Basic vocabulary items: in Surinam Creole, 3-4; in Saramaccan Creole, 4 |
| Basya: black overseer, 19; creolization of ‘overseer,’ 169n |
| Basya Pataka: play, 166-67; hero in slavery time, 167; historical background, 167; text, 168-80 |
| Begi (religious association), 54 |
| Belwel: English-derived item, 283 |
| Betkayn (Jewish cemetery), 225n |
| Bible: book of Anana, 52n; and language of Johannes King, 118 |
| Big drum: differences in playing, 79 |
| Birthday: songs used at parties, 54; song text, 62; special, 265n |
| Boats: in laku, 17, 18, 19; kinds of, 25n, 81n |
| Boketi Tanta: in laku, 37n |
| Borrowing: in creole languages, 278; in Surinam Creole, 278 |
| Bose (village), 203n |
| Bosrokoman (fish), 251n |
| Boyo: name of Matuari chief, 116; sort of cake, 203n. See also Kodyo |
| Braga (Dutch periodical), 7 |
| Branspen (place name), 227n |
| Brazil: religious cult in, 51 |
| Brens: English-derived item, 283 |
| British high commissioner: in laku, 19, 37n |
| British Indians: immigration, 8; language, 11; and British high commissioner, 19, 37n; in children's play song, 55; Dyewal Persad (in poem), 241n; pagwa ceremony, 241n; tadya drum, 241n, 251n |
| ‘Bro’: first poem by Trefossa, 12, 13, 195, 196; written in vulgar Creole, 13, 195; text, 192 |
| Broos negroes: runaways, 79; Jacob Babel, 79 |
| Bruin, Marcel de (poet), 217n |
| Bruma, Eddy: and Wie Eegie Sanie, 12, 164-65, 184; as poet, 12, 165; drama, 12, 166-67; as president of youth club, 164; influenced by Koenders, 164, 166; political aims, 164-65; as politician, 165-66; Vidia Naipaul's description of, 165; as author, 165-66; Basya Pataka (play), 166-67; De geboorte van Boni (play), 166n; Basya Pataka, Act 1 (text), 168-80; poems (text), 186-90 |
| Bun: Portuguese-derived item, 283 |
| Bunati gi ondrofeni (Du society), 16n |
| Bureau for Linguistic Research in Surinam, 196 |
| Bushnegroes: descendants of maroons, 1, 116; organized in tribes, 1, 116; principal tribes, 1, 116; Matuari tribe, 1, 116, 117, 118; Saramacca tribe, 1, 116, 117, 276; Djuka tribe, 1, 116, 118, 273; Moravian Church, 6, 117, 118; mission schools, 8, 118n; and Surinam Creole, 8; peace treaties, 116, 131n, 166; matrilineal descent, 116n; patrilineal descent, 116n; books of King on, 117, 118; etiquette, 121n; customs, 123n; Koenders on languages of, 139n; No-mer-mi-kondre, 145n; sekete (dance), 229n. See also Broos negroes; Djuka; Maroons; Matuari; Saramaccan |
| Cairo, Edgar (author), 217, 219; Temekoe (novel), 219; collections of poems, 219n; Sjoeroerwe (novel), 219n; Temekoe (text), 252-70 |
| Cameron: killed a slave, 167 |
| Capelle, H. van: collector of folktales, 78 |
| Cesaari (deaf-mute negro), 7 |
| Characters: in banya, 17; in laku, 17-18, 19, 37n; in lobisingi, 18 |
| Châtillon: old plantation, 49n; institute for lepers, 49n |
| Children of masters and slaves: status, 5 |
| Children's play songs. See Kangga |
| Chinese: immigration, 8 |
| Christian religion: in slave colony, 4; Protestant minister Kals, 4; after emancipation, 8; and the Creoles, 9; and non-Christian religion, 51; songs (texts), 60-62; and King, 117, 118. See also Moravian Church |
| Christian songs: used by dance bands, 51n; in honor of Anana, 52n; among Creoles, 53; kra, 53; origin, 53; at birthday parties, 54; at begi, 54; of Creole origin, 54; not tolerated in church, 54; texts, 60-62 |
| Church Creole: variety of Surinam Creole, 13; used in poems, 13, 195; used by King, 118; social status, 195 |
| Clementi (Djuka village), 121n |
| Colin: leader of slave uprising, 167 |
| Colonial elite: cultural norms, 9, 183; against Bruma, 165 |
| Combe (quarter of Paramaribo), 267n |
| Comvalius, Th. A.C: hypothesis on banya and Du society, 16-17; description of lobisingi, 18; on children's play songs, 55 |
| Congo Tombe: a dance, 167 |
| Consonant: signs used, 285 |
| Contact language: in Africa, 276 |
| Coronie: slave uprising, 167; birthplace of Slory, 218, 239n; district in Surinam, 249n |
| Costume: in laku, 17; koto, 27n; yaki, 27n; in winti, 53; in bar maske, 53 |
| Cowry shell: 257n |
| Creole: Koenders on the term, 136 |
| Creole culture: two-caste society, 6; |
| formation, 6; oral literature, 6; contribution of free colored people, 6; in Paramaribo, 6; Creole attitude on, 9, 135; Herskovits on, 9; social status, 9; Koenders and, 10, 135-37; and educational authorities, 9, 12-13, 135; and Creole students in Holland, 10-11; and Wie Eegie Sanie, 11-12, 164, 184; songs, 15, 16; criticism in, 15, 19; kerchiefs, 15; ancestor cult, 17; stimulated by Pohama, 136; day names, 151n |
| Creole languages: origin, 273; period of creolization, 274; pidgin origin, 274; verbal system, 277-78; structure, 277-78; differently based, 278; borrowing in, 278 |
| Creolization: in Surinam Creole, 274 |
| Cult language: of Fodu, 53n; of kromanti, 53n; of Indian gods, 53n; African descent, 53n; Amerindian descent, 53n |
| Cultural movement: Wie Eegie Sanie, 11, 164, 183-85; Eddy Bruma and, 12, 164; of Martinique students, 183 |
| Dageraad: plantation, 81n |
| Dagwe. See Fodu |
| Dance: Congo Tombe, 167; sekete, 229n |
| Dance parties: as winti performances, 53 |
| Dance tunes: types, 54; identification, 55; text, 68 |
| Datra: in banya, 17; in laku, 17; in lobisingi, 18 |
| Day names: Kwami, 27n, 151n; Yaw, 27n; in Gold Coast languages, 151n; Amemba, 151n, 233n; Amba, 151n; Kodyo, 231n |
| Deets, Wati (poet), 217n |
| Defares, J. (poet), 217n |
| De geboorte van Boni: play by Bruma, 166n |
| Deities: of the earth, 18, 51, 52, 53n, 221n, 283; social status, 51-52, 53; cult language, 51, 53n; of the river, 51, 52, 53n; Anana, 52, 53n; of the sky, 53; of the bush, 53n; Ch. J. Wooding on, 53n; evil spirits, 239n, 262n. See also Non-Christian religion; Winti |
| Demonstrative: in Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
| Department of Education: against Koenders, 10 |
| De Resolutie: laku group, 19; plantation, 19 |
| De Tsjerne (Frisian periodical), 12, 165n, 185 |
| Diary of Johannes King, 117 |
| Dictionaries: by Focke, 7, 283; by Schumann, 283 |
| Diphthongs: signs used, 285 |
| Disi: demonstrative in Djuka Creole, 273 |
| Djuka: descendants of maroons, 1, 116; English-based creole, 116; peace treaty between Matuari and, 116n, 118, 123n; Johannes King, 116n, 118; geographical location, 121n; pidginized form of mother tongue, 273; trade language of Trio and, 273; reduced vocabulary, 273; demonstrative disi, 273; interrogative sama, 273. See also Bushnegro |
| Dobru, R. (poet), 217n |
| Dominee (title), 147n |
| Dominican Creole: verbal particles, 278 |
| Drama: Eddy Bruma, 12, 166; based on history, 12, 166, 167; popular, 12; du, 16; banya, 16, 17; laku, 17; lobisingi, 18; De Geboorte van Boni, 116, Basya Pataka, 116-17; Basya Pataka (text), 168-80 |
| Drasi: English-derived item, 151n |
| Dresibuku, by Johannes King, 117 |
| Drie, Alex de (narrator), 79; texts, 80-102, 108-14 |
| Dritabiki (village), 121n |
| Drums: European kettle drum, 17; agida, 57n; big drum, 79; apinti, 199n, 231n; tadya, 241n, 251n |
| Du societies, 15, 16, 17; forbidden by government, 15; names, 15n, 16n; description, 16; Comvalius's hypothesis, 16; and two-caste society, 16-17 |
| Duplessis, Suzanna, 187n |
| Dutch culture: colonial society, 9; and Wie Eegie Sanie, 183-84 |
| Dutch-derived items: in Surinam Creole, 3, 6, 16n, 41n, 274, 283-84; in Saramaccan Creole, 4 |
| Dutch language: sonnet by Hendrik Schouten, 7; in education, 8-9, 135; after emancipation, 9; percentage of population speaking, 11; in Foetoe-boi, 136; used by Koenders, 136-37; used by Bruma, 166; Wie Eegie Sanie as reaction against, 183; translations in Trotji, 196; used by Slory, 218 |
| Dyewal Persad (British-Indian name), 241n |
| Dyodyo: 53n |
| Earth deity, 52, 53n. See also Deities |
| Earth mother. See Aysa |
| Edmundo (poet), 217n |
| Education: before emancipation, 8; after emancipation, 9; colonial policy, 10, 12-13, 135, 137; Pohama, 136; Koenders as educator, 136; ideas of Bruma on, 164; De Ziel as teacher, 195 |
| Eersel, Chr. H. (poet), 190 |
| Emancipation: 6; poem on the eve of, 7; Pohama's celebration, 136, 143n; ideas of Bruma on, 164, 166 |
| English-based pidgin: in Africa, 276; and slaves, 276-77; origin of Surinam Creole, 277 |
| English-based Creole: Djuka Creole, 116; Surinam Creole, 116, 274; of slaves, 284 |
| English-derived items: in Surinam Creole, 3, 61n, 151n, 169n, 205n, 274-76, 277, 283-84; in Saramaccan Creole, 4, 276 |
| English settlements: 2, 275; Captain Marshall, 2; indentured servants, 3; and Surinam Creole, 284 |
| European farmers, 1, 5, 275 |
| European traders, 1 |
| Evil spirits: bakru, 239n; akantamasu, 239n, 263n |
| Ewe: day names, 151n |
| Expansion process: of a pidgin, 174 |
| Fensre: Dutch-derived item, 283 |
| Festivities: of slaves, 16 |
| Firpenki (bird), 193n |
| Fixed formulas: in storytelling, 76 |
| Focke, H.C.: music, 7; songs, 7; author, 7; dictionary 7, 283; on Du societies, 16 |
| Fodu: other names, 52; member of earth deities, 52; snake gods, 52, 221n; Cult language, 53n; songs in honor of, 54; song (text), 56 |
| Foetoe-boi (monthly), 10, 136; stimulates students, 10, 137; poems published in, 12, 165, 195, 196; Pohama as publisher, 136; Koenders as editor, 136; text, 138-62 |
| Folktales: Srafutentori (text), 80-102; Anansitori (text), 104-08; animal story (text), 108-14. See also Stories |
| Fom: African-derived item, 275 |
| Frake, Ch. O.: lexical items in Zambuangeño, 274 |
| Frederikshoop: plantation, 169n, 209n |
| French-based creole, 275 |
| French settlements, 2 |
| Fu tru: English-derived item, 283 |
| Fufuru: African-derived item, 285 |
| Gamelan: Indonesian traditional music, 251n |
| Gilds, A. (poet), 217n |
| Goeje, C.H. de: word list in Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
| Gold Coast languages: day names, 151n |
| Gold diggers: song (text), 68-70 |
| Gonggosa: African-derived item, 275 |
| Gongote: 251n |
| Government: policy on marriage of Nanette Samson, 5-6; and slave education, 6; and immigration, 8; and Dutch culture, 9, 13, 135, 164; and Du societies, 15; winti prohibited, 53; peace treaties, 116, 131n, 166; and Wie Eegie Sanie, 165. See also Assimilation policy |
| Granaki (garnet), 205n |
| Granbun, 283 |
| Grande: Portuguese-derived item, 283 |
| Grandebon: Portuguese-derived item, 283 |
| Grandi wey, 283 |
| Grani, 283 |
| Granmama, 283 |
| Granman, 283 |
| Granmasra, 283 |
| Grantangi, 283 |
| Granwe, 283 |
| Grikibi: kind of bird, 239n |
| Grimmèr, Wilfred (poet), 217n |
| Haiti: religious cult, 51 |
| Haitian Creole: verbal particles, 278 |
| Hamburg: plantation, 59n |
| Hansom: English-derived item, 283 |
| Hare: African background, 78; in Caribbean, 78; in Surinam, 79; in North and Middle America, 79 |
| Hati tya hebi (Du society), 16n |
| Hebee: Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
| Hebee-wa: Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
| Helstone, J.N.: work, 8; criticized, 8 |
| Heo (poet), 217n |
| Heri: Dutch-derived item, 283 |
| Herlein, J.P.: work, 278-83; criticized by Jan Nepveu, 280 |
| Herskovits, M.J.: on socialized ambivalence, 9; on lobisingi, 15, 18; on non-Christian religion, 51, 53n; on folktales, 77; on Jewish influence on creole, 276 |
| Hindi: percentage of population speaking, 11 |
| Holland: Surinam a colony of, 1; students in, 10-12, 164, 183-84; Foetoe-boi published in, 10; Wie Eegie Sanie founded in, 11, 183-84; Eddy Bruma in, 164, 166; Creole poetry in, 185 |
| Homonyms: Koenders on, 136-37 |
| Immigration: Chinese, 8; British-Indians, 8; Javanese, 8; and the British high commissioner, 19, 37n |
| Indentured servants: influence, 3; sexual intercourse, 4-5; reinforcing English, 284 |
| Indian elements: in winti songs, 59n; in children's play songs, 59n; pitani, 193n |
| Indian gods: members of river deities, 52; cult language, 53n; songs, 54; song text, 56-58. See also Deities; River deities |
| Indian languages: for cultic purposes, 51 |
| Indian tribes: Arawak, 1; Carib, 1; trade, 1, 273; slavery, 1; Moravian Mission, 6; Trio, 273 |
| Indo-Portuguese: verbal particles, 278 |
| Instruments: in banya, 17; in laku, 17; European kettle drum, 17; kwakwabangi, 17, 18, 229n; in lobisingi, 18; brass, 18, 54; in kawna, 54; in kaseko, 54; in winti dances, 57n; agida, 57n; apinti, 199, 231n; tadya, 251n. See also Drums |
| Interrogative: of Djuka, 273 |
| Interrupters: function, 77 |
| Interruption: by narrator, 76-77; by audience, 76; in a Djuka village, 76; function, 76, 77; by skilled interrupters, 77 |
| Jamaican Creole: verbal particles, 278 |
| Javanese: immigration, 8; language, 11; music, 251n |
| Jewish-derived items: in Surinam Creole, 4, 276; in Saramaccan Creole, 276; Herskovits on, 276 |
| Jewish settlements, 2 |
| Juju: kind of magic, 78 |
| Kaba: Portuguese-derived item, 275, 283 |
| Kabra: 221n |
| Kabra yorka, 54 |
| Kakafowru: manner of drum-playing, 79 |
| Kals (Protestant minister), 4 |
| Kamalama: onomatopoeic verb, 47n |
| Kangga: children's play song, 54; interpretation, 55; Comvalius on, 55; in Curaçao, 55; Indian elements in, 59n; African elements in, 59n; song texts, 64-68; description, 67n |
| Kaseko: dance, 54; instruments, 54 |
| Kaseri: in banya, 18; ritually clean, |
| 18, 67n; Jewish-derived, 276 |
| Kate, J.J.L. ten (Dutch poet), 7 |
| Kawina (poet), 217n |
| Kawna: dance tune, 54; instruments, 54; dance, 54 |
| Kerchiefs: meaning, 15; naming, 15, 16n |
| King, Johannes: as author, 7, 117, 118; family, 116, 117; at Maripaston, 117; visions, 117; expulsion, 117, 118; as prophet, 117, 123n; description of work, 117n; manuscripts, 117n, 118n; edition by De Ziel, 119, 196; orthography, 119, 285; texts, 120-32 |
| Kloos, Willem: translation by Koenders, 11 |
| Knofru: plantation, 169n, 209n |
| Kodyo: Matuari chief, 116; day name, 231n. See also Day names |
| Koenders, J.G.A.: against educational system, 10, 135, 136, 137; and Creole culture, 10, 135, 136, 137; as author, 10, 136-37; and Foetoe-boi, 10, 135, 136-37; and Creole students, 10, 137; translation of Willem Kloos, 11; and Pohama, 135-36; work, 136-37; and Surinam Creole, 136-37; favorite proverb, 137; texts, 138-62; remarks on the title leriman, 147n; use of day names, 151n; in Schwarzer Orpheus, 153n; as poet, 159n; and Eddy Bruma, 164, 166; Trotji dedicated to, 196 |
| Koluku, Samuel (son of Noah Adrai), 118 |
| Komparsi: banya rehearsal, 18 |
| Kopi: kind of wood, 71n |
| Koso: African-derived item, 275 |
| Koti singi: identification, 18, 19 |
| Koto: traditional costume, 27n |
| Kra: soul concept in non-Christian religion, 52, 53; and Christian religion, 53; identification of song in honor of the, 54; song text, 60 |
| Krabdagu, 87n |
| Krio: verbal particles, 278 |
| Krioro dron: in banya, 18-19; criticism in songs, 19; song texts, 22-30 |
| Kromanti: African gods, 51, 52, 53, 221n; importance, 51, 52; and the younger generation, 52; cult language, 53n; songs, 54; song texts, 58 |
| Kuli konsro: British high commissioner in laku, 19, 37n |
| Kunofru: plantation, 169n, 209n |
| Kwakwa: in banya, 17, in laku, 17n; in winti dances, 57n; instrument, 229n |
| Kwakwabangi. See Kwakwa |
| Kwakwa mayoro: player of the kwakwa, 17n; song in honor of the, 18; song text, 22 |
| Kwami (day name), 27n, 151n. See also Day names |
| Kweri: English-derived item, 61n, 63n |
| Kweti: English-derived item, 283 |
| Kwikwi: kind of fish, 251n |
| Laku: description, 17-18; actor, 17; characters, 17-18, 19, 37n; instruments, 17; arrangement, 19; group from De Resolutie plantation, 19; and the British high commissioner, 19, 37n; songs, 19; allusions in songs, 19; song in honor of the earth mother, 19; song texts, 34-38; bakaman in, 39n |
| Lánga-mee: Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
| Lánga-mee wa: Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
| Langa singi: in lobisingi, 18, 19; rhythm, 18 |
| Language: of masters, 2; of slaves, 3; of indentured servants, 3, 284; at school, 6, 8; policy, 9; survey, 11; pidgin, 273, 275; reduced, 273; trade, 273; agents of change, 273; and power group, 273; mixing, 273; creole, 273; native, 274; contact, 275; of administration, 275 |
| Lateral: in Surinam Creole, 285 |
| Law krabu, 45n |
| Laytori: riddles, 77; length, 77 |
| Leba: earth deity, 52 |
| Légitime Défense (manifesto), 183 |
| Lemon: as medicine, 257n |
| Leriman: title, 147n |
| Lichtveld, L.: on the mythical origin |
| of the spider, 78, 79 |
| Lobi Konkroe (Du society), 16n |
| Lobisingi: government action against, 15; description, 15, 18; as social criticism, 15; origin, 18; theme, 18; where performed, 18; actors, 18; instruments, 18; langa singi, 18, 19; koti singi, 18, 19; melodies, 18; Christina Loloba (singer), 20; Sonde Prodo (singer), 20; songs, 19-20; song texts, 38-48 |
| Loko: member of earth deities, 52; song in honor of, 54; song text, 56 |
| Loloba, Christina (singer): lobisingi, 20; text of song by, 48 |
| Macao Creole: verbal particles, 278 |
| Malacca Creole: verbal particles, 278 |
| Makzien vo Kristen soema zieli (monthly), 6 |
| Mansipari, 259n |
| Manumission: necessity, 4-5; practice, 5-6; and Du societies, 16-17 |
| Maripaston: foundation, 117; King's family in, 117; building a church in, 117; expulsion of King from, 117-18 |
| Marked lexical items: in Zambuangeño, 274 |
| Maroons: domain, 1; dependency on coastal area, 1, 116; organizing themselves, 1, 116, 276; peace treaties with government, 116, 131n, 166; No-mer-mi-kondre, 145n; language, 276. See also Broos negroes; Bushnegro |
| Marriage: of manumitted slaves, 5; of Nanette Samson, 5-6 |
| Marshall, Captain: settlement by, 2 |
| Masters: ratio of slaves to, 2-3, 275; indentured servants, 3; contact with slaves, 3, 4, 6, 16, 274; conception of slavery, 4; cultural policy, 4, 8, 15; and pagan slave, 4; Protestant minister Kals, 4; and manumission, 4-6; sexual intercourse between slaves and, 5; sisi, 5, 97n; and marriage of Nanette Samson, 5-6; story of Suzanna Duplessis, 187n |
| Matros broki (quay in Paramaribo), 227n |
| Matuari: bushnegro tribe, 1, 116; King family, 116; Kodyo, chief of, 116; Noah Adrai, chief of, 116; peace treaty between Djuka and, 116n, 118, 121n, 123n; Moravian Church and, 117, 118 |
| Maysa. See Aysa |
| Meesters der Negervertelkunst (Dutch anthology of negro authors), 165n |
| Mende: folktales in, 77 |
| Mission schools: for slave children, 6, 8; language of instruction, 6, 8; in bushnegro communities, 8; Johannes King and, 118n |
| Model language: during period of creolization, 274 |
| Momoi: in banya, 17 |
| Mooi-mee: Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
| Mooi-mee wa: Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
| Moral instruction: in Ondrofenitori, 77 |
| Moravian Church: and Indians, 6; and bushnegroes, 6; and two-caste society, 6; preaching on plantation, 6; producing religious material, 6; publishing a monthly, 6; praise poem on, 7; teaching slave children, 8; teaching bushnegroes, 8; King's visits to, 117; King's diary, 117; criticizing King, 118; leriman, 147n; domri, 147n; Koenders's remarks on, 147n. See also Mission schools |
| Morphemes: in Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
| Mother tongue: use of, 273, 274; of slaves, 277 |
| Mourning ceremonies: storytelling during, 76 |
| Moy: Dutch-derived item, 283 |
| Multiracial society: and Surinam Creole, 13; Bruma and, 165; Wie Eegie Sanie, 183; Vidia Naipaul on, 184; poem by Slory, 218; racial tensions in, 241n |
| Music: Focke's study on, 7 |
| Naipaul, Vidia: on Bruma, 165; on Surinam and other West Indian countries, 184 |
| Naming: of kerchiefs, 15; of Du societies, 16n; of Creole societies, 16n; of laku groups, 19 |
| Narrator: fixed formulas, 76; use of interruption, 76; as interrupter, 76-77; interrupters as retinue of, 77; Jacob Babel, 79; Alex de Drie, 79 |
| Nasalized vowels: in Surinam Creole, 285 |
| National anthem: in Surinam Creole, 285 |
| Negro Dutch: verbal particles, 278 |
| Negro English. See Surinam Creole |
| Negroes: Koenders on, 136; Légitime Défense, 183, 184-85. See also Slavery; Slaves |
| Nengrekopu (bird), 221n |
| Nepveu, Jan: manuscript, 279-82; criticism of Herlein, 279 |
| New Testament: in Surinam Creole, 6 |
| Njoejaari singi voe Cesaari: songs, 7; author, 7; J.J.L. ten Kate's translation, 7; in Dutch periodical Braga, 7 |
| Non-Christian religion: Creoles and, 4, 9; syncretism, 6, 51, 52n; yorka, 17, 51, 54, 76; rituals, 18, 52, 163n; kaseri, 18, 67n; Haitian cult, 51; Brazilian cult, 51; Amerindian influences on, 51; African influences on, 51; description by Herskovits, 51, 53n; socialized ambivalence, 51; deities, 51-53, 54, 221n, 283; in secular dances, 51; and Christian religion, 51; development, 51-52; priest in, 52; geographic diversity, 52-53; personal variety, 52; basic concept, 52; winti, 52; Anana, 52, 53n; kra, 52; forbidden dances, 53, 233n; bar maske, 53; Wooding on, 53n; kabra yorka, 54, 221n; songs, 56-60; instruments, 57n, 199n, 231n; juju,78; and King, 117; nengrekopu, 221n; awese, 221n; arwepi, 223n; pedreku, 223n; evil spirits, 239n, 263n. See also Deities; Winti |
| Novels: Temekoe, by Cairo, 219; Sjoeroerwe, by Cairo, 219n; Temekoe (text), 252-70 |
| No-mer-mi-kondre (mythical village), 145n |
| Nyan: African-derived item, 275 |
| Nyanfaro: in banya, 18 |
| Ooft, B. (poet), 217n |
| Ondrofeni fu lobi no abi kaba (Du society), 16n |
| Ondrofenitori: distinction between Anansitori and, 77; Herskovits on, 77; moral, 77; origin, 78; Andersen's tales, 78; Dutch folklore, 78; Italian stories, 78. See also Srafutentori |
| Opo dron: banya, 18; song (text), 22 |
| Opo-oso: party, 191n |
| Oral literature: and the work of King, 4; in slave colony, 6 |
| Orthography, 73n; of King, 119, 285; official Surinam Creole, 119, 285; Koenders on, 136; used in texts, 285 |
| Overseers: indentured servants, 3; sexual intercourse, 4-5; manumission, 4-5; black, 19; reinforcing English, 284 |
| Owrukuku: manner of playing drum, 79 |
| Pagwa: British-Indian ceremony, 241 |
| Pan: ideophone, 65n |
| Pam: ideophone, 65n |
| Papa: ideophone, 67n |
| Papawinti. See Fodu |
| Papiamentu: Spanish-based creole, 55; verbal particles, 278 |
| Paroewa prenspari (Du society), 16n |
| Parwa: kind of tree, 249n |
| Pasa: Portuguese-derived item, 275 |
| Pataka: kind of fish, 169n |
| Patapata: kind of shoe, 45n |
| Plantations: before emancipation: 1-2; after emancipation, 7-8; festivities on, 16; names, 16n, 19, 49n, 59n, 81n, 169n, 209n; laku on, 17; non-Christian religion on, 52; in Srafutentori, 78; English, 249n; Scottish, |
| 249n; English-based pidgin on, 277; Surinam Creole on English, 283 |
| Play songs: types, 54; nature, 54; for children, 54; for adults, 54. See also Kangga; Susa |
| Peace treaties: between England and Holland, 2, 275; between government and bushnegroes, 116, 166, 131n; between Djuka and Matuari, 116n, 123n; King mission, 118 |
| Pedreku, 223n |
| Pegreku, 223n |
| Penki, 67n |
| Periodicals: Makzien vo Kristen soema zieli, 6; Krioro Koranti, 7; Foetoe-boi, 10, 136; Tongoni, 165, 197, 218n. See also Foetoe-boi |
| Philippine-based elements: in Zambuangeño lexicon, 274 |
| Philippine Creole: verbal particles, 278 |
| Phonemes: in Surinam Creole, 285 |
| Pidgin: language mixing, 273; as reduced language, 273; restricted use of, 273; expansion process, 274; and creole language, 274; as mother tongue, 274; as native language, 274; language of administration and, 275; formative period, 275; bridging different components of the population, 275 |
| Pidgin state: of Zambuangeño, 274; of Surinam Creole, 276-77 |
| Pieterszorg: plantation, 16n |
| Pina: Portuguese-derived item, 275 |
| Pitani: Carib-derived item, 193n |
| Poems: first partly Creole, 7, 286-87; by Focke?, 7; by Koenders, 11, 150-52, 158-62; translated, 11, 195; by Trefossa, 12, 192, 195, 196, 197, 198-208; in church Creole, 13, 195; by Bruma, 165, 186-90; by Eersel, 190; by Rens, 190-92; first book of Creole, 195; sonnet style, 195; study by Voorhoeve, 196; by Schouten-Elsenhout, 217n, 218, 220-36; by Slory, 218-19, 236-52; political, 218, 219; by Cairo, 219n |
| Poets: 217. See also Bruma, Eddy; Cairo, Edgar; Koenders, J.G.A.; Schouten-Elsenhout, Johanna; Slory, Michaël; Ziel, Henny F. de |
| Poetry: stilted literary language, 13; in Wie Eegie Sanie, 185; anthology by Shrinivasi, 217n |
| Pohama: Creole organization, 135; activities, 135-36; cooperation of Koenders, 135-36; and Foetoe-boi, 136; suborganizations, 136; sranan neti, 143n |
| Pomerak, 267n |
| Pondo, 81n |
| Pont, Johan (poet), 217n |
| Pontoon, 25n |
| Population, 3, 275 |
| Pori Nem (laku group), 19, 37n |
| Pori nen no de puru geluk (Du society), 16n |
| Portuguese-derived items: in Surinam Creole, 3, 274-84; in Saramaccan Creole, 4, 116, 270, 276-77; in Matuari, 116; replaced by English items, 277 |
| Portuguese Jews: settlement, 2; influence on Surinam Creole, 4, 275-76; influence on Saramaccan Creole, 4, 276 |
| Portuguese pidgin: origin of Surinam Creole, 274; on African coast, 275-76; slave contact with, 276; mother tongue of slaves, 277 |
| Possession: by a winti, 52; at dance parties, 53 |
| Posu: English-derived item, 209n |
| Poti hanoe makandra. See Pohama |
| Praktama: suborganization of Pohama, 135 |
| Prakserie tamara, 135 |
| Pran: ideophone, 65n |
| Priest: organizing cults, 52; curing illnesses, 52 |
| Proclamations: on Du societies, 15; on bakafutu-banya, 17; on winti, 53 |
| Pronoun: in Djuka-Trio trade language, 273; use of, 279 |
| Prose: in Surinam Creole, 219 |
| Proverbs: in Njoejaari singi voe Cesaari, 7; in naming kerchiefs, 16n; |
| in songs, 43n; in storytelling, 76, used by Koenders, 137, 141n; African, 169n; used by Schouten-Elsenhout, 218; collection, 218n |
| Punishment: for Du performance, 15; cancellation of festivities, 16; place of, 67n; spaanse bok, 95n, 171n; by Cameron, 167; by Suzanna Duplessis, 187; on Frederikshoop, 209 |
| Quatro (instrument), 54 |
| Relational terms: in Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
| Relexification: in Surinam Creole, 277-84; in trade language, 278 |
| Religion. See Christian religion; Moravian Church; Non-Christian religion |
| Religious dances, 199n |
| Rellum, Eugène W. (poet), 217n |
| Rens, Jo (poet), 190 |
| Renselaar, H.C. van: description of laku, 18 |
| Riddles. See Laytori |
| River deities: cult language, 51; Amerindian descent, 51, 52; of the Commewijne River, 52; songs in honor of, 54; song texts, 56-58 |
| Runaways. See Broos negroes; Bushnegroes; Maroons |
| Ruu, 99n |
| Sabaku: manner of playing drum, 79 |
| Sabi: Portuguese-derived item, 275 |
| Sacred origin: of storytelling, 76 |
| Sama: Djuka interrogative, 273 |
| Samson, Nanette: marriage, 5-6, Hendrik Schouten, cousin, 7 |
| Sangodare, Asjantenu (pseudonym), 218. See also Slory, Michaël |
| Saramaccan bushnegroes: tribe, 1, 116; descendants of maroons, 1, 116, 276 |
| Saramaccan Creole: English-derived items, 4, 276; Dutch-derived items, 4; Portuguese-derived items, 4, 276-77; African-derived items, 4; verb da, 67n; Herskovits on, 276; verbal particles, 278 |
| Schwarzer Orpheus (German anthology of negro poetry), 153n |
| Schouten, Hendrik: sonnet, 7; partly Creole poem, 7; text, 286-88 |
| Schouten-Elsenhout, Johanna (poet), 217; influenced by Trefossa, 217; work, 217-18; Christmas poems, 218n; collection of proverbs, 218n; texts, 220-36 |
| Schumann, C.L.: dictionary, 283 |
| Se, 53n |
| Sekete, 229n |
| Settlements: in Surinam, 2, 275 |
| Sexual relationship: between masters and slaves, 5-6, 29n; in lobisingi 18, 20; song texts, 40-42 |
| Shrinivasi (poet), 217n; anthology, 217n |
| Sibi: term of address, 55 |
| Sin: interpretation, 55 |
| Singer: in banya, 17; in laku, 17; Christina Loloba, 20; Sonde Prodo, 20 |
| Streetsinger: Sonde Prodo, 20 |
| Sisi: mistress of master, 5, 97n; as intermediary, 5, 97n |
| Sky gods: Anana, 53n; tapu kromanti, 53n. See also Deities; Winti |
| Skrekibuku, by Johannes King, 117, 118; visions described in, 117 |
| Slagveer, Jozef (poet), 217n |
| Slave colony: ratio of masters to slaves, 3, 4; two-caste society, 4-7; cultural assimilation, 4; religion, 4; mission, 4; manumission, 4-6. See also Two-caste society |
| Slave culture: social status, 9 |
| Slavery: English influence, 2; punishment, 15, 16, 67n, 95n, 167, 171n, 187, 209; festivities, 16; laku, 17; song recalling slavery, 55; song text, 72-74; storytelling, 76; Srafutentori, 78; drama recalling, 166-67; tales of, 211n |
| Slaves: Amerindians, 1; Africans, 1; oldest settlements, 2; leaving Surinam, 2, 275; from Barbados, 2, 284; influenced by indentured servants, 3, 284; ethnic backgrounds, 3; and |
| Christianity, 4; manumission, 4-6; Moravian mission, 6; fugitives, 166, 276; mother tongue, 274, 277; languages, 275; contact language on African coast, 275; Portuguese pidgin of, 276, 277; and English-based pidgin, 276-77; Afro-Portuguese pidgin of, 284; English-based creole of, 284 |
| Slave uprising: in Coronie, 167; as theme for drama, 167 |
| Slootwijk, 153n |
| Slory, Michaël (poet), 218-19; Dutch poems, 218; pseudonym, 218; political poems, 218; collections of poems, 218-19 |
| Social change: Eddy Bruma and, 165 |
| Social criticism: Creole songs as, 15; in banya, 17, 19; krioro dron, 19; in laku, 19 |
| Socialized ambivalence: Herskovits on, 9, 51n; in culture, 9; in religion, 51n; in linguistic behavior, 51n; in marriage customs, 51n; in Creole society; 135, 164 |
| Social status: of manumitted children, 5; of Surinam Creole, 9, 12, 14; of non-Christian religion, 52 |
| Soko psalm: religious nature, 54; background, 54; Togo translation, 54; interpretation, 54; song text, 58 |
| Sonde Prodo (streetsinger), 20 |
| Songs: as social criticism, 15, 17, 19; on plantation, 15; allusions in, 17, 19; melody of lobisingi, 18; relation to social events, 19; recitativo preamble, 19; in storytelling, 76; as opening formula, 77; as interruption, 77; function in storytelling, 77; as part of tale, 77; in Mende folktales, 77 |
| Sonnets: of Hendrik Schouten, 7; of Willem Kloos, 11; of Trefossa, 195, 196 |
| Spaanse bok: punishment, 95n, 171n |
| Spanish-based creole (Papiamentu), 55 |
| Spanish elements: in Zambuangeño, 274 |
| Spectators: in laku performance, 18, 19; venturing criticism, 19; in banya performance, 19 |
| Spider: stories centered on, 78; African background, 78; appeal, 78; mythical origin, 78; as trickster, 79 |
| Srafutentori: folktales, 78; as subgroup of Ondrofenitori, 78; moral, 78; theme, 78; historical instruction, 78; historical truth, 78; names of plantations, 78; started in Africa, 78; storytelling by Campagne, 78; first publication by Drie, 78; text, 80-102 |
| Sranan neti: organized by Pohama, 143n |
| Sranan Pangi: collection of proverbs by Schouten-Elsenhout, 218n |
| Sranan tongo. See Surinam Creole |
| Stondansi, 223n |
| Stories: by Bruma, 12, 165; types, 77; published by Herskovits, 77; published by Capelle, 78; centered on the spider, 78; centered on the hare, 79; narrator, 79; about No-mer-mi-kondre, 145n; about Basya Pataka, 167. See also Folktales |
| Storytelling: for children, 76; informal occasions, 76; during the day, 76; sacred origin, 76; in honor of ancestors, 76; for adults, 76; fixed formulas, 76; participation of audience, 76; use of proverbs, 76; interruptions, 76; during wakes, 76; in a Djuka village, 76; songs in, 76 |
| Students: in Holland, 10-11, 164, 184; non-European culture, 10, 11, 164, 184; and Koenders, 10-11; and Wie Eegie Sanie, 11-12, 164, 183; starting to write poems, 11-12, 185; Frisian support for, 12, 185 |
| Surinam: geography, 1; population, 1-3, 8, 275; trade colony, 1; European settlements, 1-3, 275; plantation settlement, 1-2; slave colony, 1-6; Willoughby Land, 2; under British rule, 2, 275; under the Dutch, 2-9, 275; emancipation, 7-9; period of state supervision, 7-8; immigration, 8 |
| Surinam Creole: English-derived items, 3, 283-84; Portuguese-derived items, |
| 3, 276-78, 283-84; Dutch-derived items, 3, 283-84; African-derived items, 3, 275; influence of two-caste society on, 6; oral literature in, 6; teaching in, 6; writing of, 6; first primer in, 6; first printed text in, 6; publications of missionaries in, 6; first poem partly in, 7; first poem in print, 7; Neger-Engelsch woordenboek, 7, 283; school language of slave children, 8; in mission schools in bushnegro communities, 8; prohibited at school, 8; grammar, 8; and educational authorities, 9; at school, 9, 135; at home, 9, 135; social status, 9, 14; after emancipation, 9-14; Koenders and, 10, 136-37, 139n; gaining respectability, 10, 14, 185; population survey, 11; most widely used language, 11, 14; and Wie Eegie Sanie, 11-12, 185; as national language, 11, 14; poem of Kloos translated into, 11; poems in De Tsjerne, 12, 185; poetry of De Ziel, 12, 13; in Bible reading, 13; in church, 13; church variety, 13; vulgar variety, 13; 19th-century poems in, 13; as cultural language, 14; national anthem, 14; and multiracial society, 14; English-based creole, 116, 274; homonyms in, 136; Pohama, 136; and Bruma, 165-66; first book of poems in, 195; prose, 219; Portuguese pidgin origin, 274, 284; creolization, 274; Portuguese Jewish influence on, 276; verbal particles, 277-78; verbal system, 277-78; origin, 277; relexification, 277-84; oldest source of, 277; Portuguese elements replaced by English, 277, 284; English-based pidgin, 277, 284; borrowing in, 278; oldest text in, 278-83; old dialectal differences, 283; on English plantations, 283; dictionary by Schumann, 283; English elements replaced by Dutch, 284; official orthography, 285; phonemes in, 285 |
| Surinam culture: Wie Eegie Sanie, 11, 183 |
| Surinam pidgin: formative period, 276 |
| Susa: play song, 54; description, 54; songs, 54; Comvalius on, 54n; in honor of ancestors, 54n; song texts, 62-64 |
| Swadesh, Morris: 200-item list, 3 |
| Syncretism, 6, 51, 52n |
| Tadya (British-Indian drum), 241n, 251n |
| Tapu kromanti: dance in honor of, 53; sky gods, 53n. See Deities |
| Tanta: in laku, 37n |
| Tenboto: description, 81n |
| Tetey, 27n |
| Thalia (theater), 265n |
| Tobosi. See Aysa |
| Trade language: of Djuka and Trio, 273; Djuka vocabulary in, 273; relational terms, 273; use of disi in, 273; use of sama in, 273; use of Trio negation, 273; use of Trio grammatical morphemes, 273; of Portuguese sailors, 278 |
| Trasi: English-derived item, 151n |
| Trefossa (pseudonym of Henny F. de Ziel), 12, 195; creolization of Tryphosa, 195. See also Ziel, Henny F. de |
| Trefu: Jewish-derived item, 276 |
| Trill: in Surinam Creole, 285 |
| Trinidadian Creole, 275 |
| Trio: Indian tribe, 273; trade language, 273; negation, 273; suffix, 273 |
| Trotji: collection of poems by Trefossa, 12, 196; effect on educational authorities, 12-13; study by Voorhoeve, 196; technical term, 196; dedicated to Koenders, 196; Dutch translation, 196 |
| Twi: day names, 151n |
| Two-caste society: discourages assimilation, 4; religion in, 4; Protestant minister Kals, 4; manumission, 4-6; sexual intercourse, 5; marriage, 5-6; and Nanette Samson, 5-6; and Creole culture, 6; disintegration, 6; Moravian Church, 6; Du societies, 16 |
| Unmarked lexical items: in |
| Zambuangeño, 274 |
| Vene (poet), 217n |
| Verbal particles: in creole languages, 278 |
| Verbal system: of creole languages, 277-78; of Surinam Creole, 278 |
| Verlooghen, Corly (poet), 217n |
| Visions: of King, 117; skrekibuki, 117 |
| Vocabulary: of model language, 273 |
| Vowels: signs used, 285 |
| Vulgar Creole: variety of Surinam Creole, 13; poem ‘Bro’ written in, 2-13, 195 |
| Wanaysa. See Aysa |
| Wani: English-derived item, 283 |
| Watramama: dancing of, 51 |
| Wie Eegie Sanie: foundation, 11, 164, 183; cultural movement, 11-12, 183-85; membership, 11, 164-65; aim, 11, 183, 184; and Surinam Creole, 11, 185; Bruma and, 12, 164, 184; and De Ziel, 12; exceptional movement, 185; and national language, 185; and Creole poetry, 185 |
| Wil: Dutch-derived item, 283 |
| Willoughby, Francis Lord: governor, 2; planted colony, 2 |
| Windau: English-derived item, 283 |
| Winti: non-Christian religion, 52; pantheons, 52; possession by, 52; ceremony, 52-53; fixed order of invoking, 52; social status, 52; and law, 53; dance parties, 53; performances, 53; bar maske, 53; songs in honor of, 54; song texts, 56-58; on Saramacca River, 59n. See also Deities; Non-Christian religion |
| Winti dances: instruments in, 57n |
| Winti songs: at dance parties, 53; Indian elements in, 59n; African elements in, 59n |
| Witchcraft: medicines, 257n |
| Wooding, Ch. J.: on bush gods, 53n |
| Yaki: costume, 27n |
| Yaw: day name, 27n. See also Day names |
| Yobo pan, 65n |
| Yorka: banya, 17; ancestral spirits, 51; kabra yorka, 54; storytelling, 76 |
| Yorka-banya, 17 |
| Zambuangeño: Frake on, 274; pidgin state, 274; creolization process, 274; lexical items, 274; Spanish-based elements in, 274; Philippine-based elements in, 274 |
| Ziel, Henny F. de (poet), 12, 195-96; and Wie Eegie Sanie, 12; as Trefossa, 12, 195; poems, 12, 195, 196, 197; and Foetoe-boi, 12, 196; vulgar Creole, 13, 195; and King, 119, 196; and Koenders, 159n, 196; texts of poems, 192, 198-208; sonnet style, 195, 196; youth, 195; as teacher, 195; as librarian, 195-96; rhythmic pattern, 196; poetic story, 196-97; and new generation, 217; orthography, 285 |
