|
| |
| |
| |
| index
| absolutism 196, 224, 228, 271, 275 |
| absolutist rule 55, 56, 57, 62, 63, 72 |
| Acta Politica 6, 11 |
| action groups 119, 120, 128, 139, 140, 185, 187
|
| agrarian parties 80, 104, 105, 106, 163, 165, 166 |
| Alber, J. 24 |
| Allardt, E. 13 n.17 |
Almond, G. 3, 6, 13 n.17, n.18, 21, 23, 24, 61, 94 n.1, 121, 130, 138, 178, 193, 207-8, 211, 235, 282 n.2
| comparative politics and 274 |
|
| Althusius, J. 47 n.8, 57, 59, 193, 230, 232, 234 |
| American Journal of Political Science x |
| American Political Science Review ix, x, 9, 21 |
| American Social Science Research Council 274 |
| anarchism 84 |
| Apter, D.E. 47 n.8, 193, 217 |
| Aristotle 56, 57, 60, 228, 269 |
| Aron, R. 1, 96 n.32 |
| Augsburg Peace (1555) 50, 200 |
Austria 7, 23, 25, 46, 71, 82, 97, 134, 182, 193
| cabinets in smaller European democracies study 100, 102-114 |
| parties in 159, 165 |
| political development in 208, 209, 213 |
| as a consociational state 217, 218 |
| research and 207, 213-14, 277 |
|
| Austro-Hungarian Empire 84, 86 |
| authority, state 43-4, 51, 54, 269 |
autocracy 33, 71, 276
| party development and 76, 81-2 |
|
|
| Back, P.-E. 4, 10 |
| Bagehot, W. 19, 269 |
| Barents, J. 1, 2, 3 |
| Barker, E. 67 n.17 |
| Barnes, S. 4, 24, 279 |
| Bartolini, S. 8, 133, 143 n.35, 145 |
| Beer, S. 3, 273 |
Belgium 23, 71, 72, 208, 215, 277
| as consociational state 215, 218 |
| cabinets in smaller European democracies study 100, 102-14 |
| Catholics in 218 |
| linguistic cleavage in 39, 215 |
| party systems in 18, 88, 157, 166, 167, 182 |
| state formation in 39, 42, 43, 46, 82 |
|
| Beloff, M. 3 |
| Bentley, A.F. 59, 214 |
| Berelson, B. 138 |
| Bernstein, E. 59 |
| Birnbaum, P., 13 n.17 |
| Bismark, O. von 36, 122 |
| Black, D. 147 |
| Blanksten, G. 273 |
| Blondel, J. 7, 13 n.17, 98, 109, 143 n.26 |
| Bluntschli, J.K. 269 |
| Bodin, J. 50, 230, 269 |
| Boehmer, J. 97 |
| Bolingbroke, Viscount 174 |
| Bonaparte, Napoleon 53, 122, 179, 199, 228 |
| Bonger, W.A. 96 n.35 |
| Borre, O. 132 |
| Bosanquet, B. 52 |
| Bottomore, T. 95 n.23 |
| Boutmy, E. 95 n.23 |
| British Council 2, 273 |
| |
| |
| British Political Studies Association 2 |
| Brogan, D. 28 n.1 |
| Browne, E. 110 |
| Bryce, J. 19, 269 |
| Budge, I. 152 |
| Building States and Nations 9 |
bureaucracy 136-7, 270, 278
| accountability and 137 |
| formation of 9, 10, 42 |
| parties, relations with 136-7 |
| party systems and 82-3, 115, 127 |
| political control of 18, 46, 82, 93 |
| role of 34, 37, 42-3, 46 |
| state-bureaucracies 52, 82 |
| Weberian ideal type 42, 51, 137 |
|
| Burke, E. 87, 174, 175 |
| Butler, R. 20 |
|
cabinets and party systems study 100-16, 279
| cabinet stability 110-11 |
| further research 115-16 |
| patterns of democratisation in 113-14 |
| political centralisation, development of 112-13 |
| working systems, explanations of 114-15 |
|
Calvinism 200, 230
| doctrine of 54 |
| Dutch 83, 84, 91, 197, 201, 216, 226, 227, 233, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 255, 261 n.25, 263 n.47 n.52 264 n.53, n.54, 267 n.79 |
| political involvement and 83, 94 n.4, 104, 248 |
|
| Campus, D. 13 n.18 |
| Canada 19, 110 |
| capitalism 185, 279 |
| Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 178 |
| Carr, E.H. 206 n.21 |
| Cassese, S. 10 |
Catholicism 200
| doctrine 54, 58 |
| Austrian 104, 105, 109, 159 |
| Dutch 83, 84, 91, 94 n.4, 166, 197, 200, 201, 216, 226, 233, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 252, 255, 263 n.46, n.51, n.52, 264 n.54, 267 n.79 |
| political involvement and 73, 83, 84, 94 n.4, 106, 162, 200, 227, 228, 231, 234, 248 |
|
| Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences 6, 33 |
centre, the
| as a label 164-5 |
| as equilibrium point 157 |
| mechanistic metaphors of 158-9, 163, 165 |
| non-existence of 145, 147, 154, 162 |
| shifting of 148-9 |
| Sartori's centrifugal competition 160-1 |
| spatial reasoning and 149, 153, 155-8, 163 |
| use of concept 146-7, 149, 153, 164 |
|
centre parties 145, 146, 147, 156-68
| and the median member 147-8, 149, 163 |
| voting and 148 |
| see also left-right scale, party placement and |
|
| Chester, D.N. 3, 8 |
| Chubb, B. 4, 5 |
| Churchill, W. 17, 49 |
| Citizens, Election, Parties 6, 27 |
citizenship 50-1, 55-6, 175, 181
| active 138-40 |
| classical 53 |
| parties, role of in 121 |
|
class, social 162
| party representation and 90 |
| political effect of 78-80, 87 |
| see also cleavages; working class |
|
| cleavages 162-4, 203, 209, 214-15, 236-8
|
| |
| |
| consociationalism and 213-14 |
| cross-cutting 163, 203, 214, 236, 238 |
| elite behaviour and 216 |
| lines 72, 87, 88, 99, 113, 114, 154, 163, 203, 209, 216 |
| use of term 162-3, 214 |
|
coalitions 99, 124, 130, 132, 149, 157
| behaviour of 151-2, 209 |
| grand 105, 107, 110, 131, 166, 209, 218, 219, 262 n.38 |
| minimal coalitions 110 |
| role of ideology in 151-2 |
| smaller European democracies study 107, 108, 110, 115 |
| theories of 6, 18, 24, 115, 131, 133 |
| party systems, models of 97, 99 |
|
| Cobban, A. 206 n.21 |
| Coleman, J.S. 208, 274 |
| collective action 55
|
| collectivism 58, 59, 63 |
| Colombia 193 |
| colonialism/(neo)colonialism 275
|
| Communist Manifesto 72, 80 |
communists/communism 59, 80, 249, 275
| admission to cabinet positions 109 |
| Chinese 275 |
| Cuban 275 |
| Iron Curtain, erection of 276 |
| political theory and 275-6, 280, 281 |
| Soviet 60 |
|
| communitarians 58, 176 |
| Comparative European Politics: the Story of a Profession 10 |
| Comparative Political Studies x |
| Comparative Politics 6 |
comparative politics, study of 269, 271-81
| changes in xi-x, 3 |
| communist systems and 275-6 |
| ‘contextual’ knowledge and 279 |
| crises of political development model 274 |
| cross-national studies and x, 17, 24-7, 220, 270, 278, 279 |
| democracy and 276 |
development of 97, 269-81
| migrant scholars and 271, 277 |
|
| European studies 17, 271, 276-7, 288 |
| small states and 212, 219, 221 n.12 |
| see also consociationalism, research and theory |
|
conflict groups 215
| internal and external conflict 211-12 |
|
consociational democracy model 7, 22-3, 39, 59, 61, 99, 130, 182, 208-21, 236, 262 n.38, 277
| bureaucracy and 137 |
| cultural fragmentation and 202, 218-19 |
| elite behaviour and 13, 216, 218, 219, 237, 239-40, 241, 243 |
| historical-pluralist theory and 243-4 |
| ideological immobilism and 210 |
| ideological polarisation and 156 |
| research advantages of 211, 218 |
| small nations and 204, 211-12, 219 |
| social cleavages and 209, 213, 236-7 |
| see also under Austria, Belgium, The Netherlands, Switzerland |
|
consociationalism, research and theory 213-20
| analytical distinction with democracy 217-18 |
| as ‘self-denying hypothesis’ (Lijphart) 213, 218, 235-6, 240, 244 |
| small states and 211-12 |
| use of term 193 |
|
| Constant, B. 58 |
| constitutionalism 269, 270 |
| Converse, P. 155 |
| corporatism 60, 65
|
| |
| |
|
|
| Cox, R. 273 |
| Cuba 275 |
| culture, political 24, 202, 217
|
|
| Daalder, I.H. 30 n.26 |
| Dahl, R.A. vii, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13 n.17, n.18, 22, 30 n.24, 45, 46, 56, 59, 67 n.21, 83, 95 n.32, 97, 114, 206 n.18, 228-9, 235 |
| Damgaard, E. 99, 152 |
| Dante, A. 269 |
| Das Deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht 59 |
| de Gaulle, C. 19, 122, 167, 179 |
| de Janosi, P. 7 |
| de Jouvenel, R. 84 |
| de Swaan, A. 103, 152, 157 |
| de Tocqueville, A. 59, 269 |
| democratic stability 63 |
democractic theory
| as theoretical notion 228 |
| ‘balance of powers’ and 228 |
| direct 175, 176, 184, 185-6, 187, 246 |
| economic models and 19 |
| mass 76 |
| models of 18-27, 276 |
| stability and 182 |
| see also comparative politics, study of; consociational democracy model |
|
democratisation, processes of 119, 120, 228, 229, 252
| historical level of 229 |
| ‘Jacobin’ school 62-3, 229 |
| parties, role of in 121-2, 184 |
| political elites and 81 |
| ‘Whig’ school 62-3 |
| see also political mobilisation |
|
| Democracy and the Organisation of Political Parties 174 |
| den Uyl, J. 254, 256 |
Denmark 47 n.5
| cabinets in smaller European democracies study 100, 102-114 |
| parties in 163, 164, 165, 167 |
| state formation in 37-8 |
|
| dependency theory 275 |
| despotism 228 |
| Deutsch, K. 6, 235, 271, 273 |
| Dicey, A.V. 18 |
| Dissenters 231, 241 |
| Dittrich, K. 132, 145 |
| divine right 50 |
| Dodd, L.C. 152 |
| Dogan, M. 205 n.11 |
| Downs, A. 19, 22, 99, 130, 133, 146, 157, 165, 178, 184 |
| Drees, W. ix, 11 |
| Duguit, L. 59, 269 |
| Dutch-Belgian Kingdom (1815) 231 |
| Dutch Reformed Church 225, 237, 240, 241, 263 n.51, 264 n.53 |
Dutch Republic 10, 39, 40, 52, 59, 67 n.14, 199, 223-7, 247
| importance of 223 |
| liberties in 224-7, 230, 247 |
| pluralism, conception of in 230 |
| state, notion of and 231-2 |
|
Duverger, M. 3, 5, 22, 88, 91, 98, 99, 145, 146, 176, 177-8, 179, 273-4
| cadre and mass parties 122, 124 |
| centre as ‘superimposed dualism’ 145-7, 154-5, 156, 161, 162-3, 180 |
| electoral systems 129 |
| France, studies of 154-5, 159 |
| ‘law’ 133 |
| party structure and 91, 129, 277 |
| two-party systems 130 |
|
|
| Eckstein, H. 29 n.2, 138, 208, 250, 273, 282 n.1 |
| economic determinism 279 |
economic development 64, 65, 66, 72, 83, 270
| European experience of 78, 80 |
| social class and 79-81 |
|
| |
| |
| see also Industrial Revolution; socio-economic change |
|
| Economic Theory of Democracy, An 178 |
| Economy, Territory and Identity 27 |
| Ehrmann, H.W. 271 |
| Eichenberg, R.C. 264 n.57 |
| Eisenstadt, S.N. vii, 9, 13 n.17, 49, 207, 221 n.12 |
| Eldersveld, S.J. 7 |
| electoral mandate, problem of 124-5 |
| Electoral Studies 278 |
| electoral surveys 133 |
electoral systems 18, 24, 63, 278
| impact on party systems 129-30, 188 n.10 |
| strong and feeble 129-30 |
|
| electoral volatility 24, 132 |
elite(s)
| concept of 71 |
| consociationalism and 13, 210-11, 216, 218, 219, 237, 239-40, 241, 243 |
| cultural fragmentation and 202, 203, 209 |
| party systems and 114-15, 178 |
| political involvement of 81, 84, 89-90, 175, 217 |
|
| Engelmann, F. 4 |
| Epstein, L.D. 98 |
| equality, concept of 60 |
| Ersson, S. 132 |
| Esher, Lord 35, 94 n.5 |
| Eurobarometer surveys 259 |
European Union (EU) 181, 272, 280-1
| EEC Referendum (1972) 163 |
|
| European Consortium of Political Research (ECPR) xi, 7-8, 10, 17 |
| European Journal of Political Research x, 8, 11 |
| European Science Foundation 9, 10 |
| European University Institute, Florence xi, 5, 8, 10 |
| Fabianism 52, 59 |
| Farneti, P. 12 n.15 |
| fascism 5, 24-5, 60, 174, 189 n.20 |
| Federalist Papers, The 59, 269 |
| Ferejohn, J. 97 |
| Ferrera, M. 145 |
| Fesler, J. 30 n.24 |
| feudalism 62, 72 |
| Figgis, J.N. 59, 230 |
| Finer, H. 19, 66 n.5 |
| Finer, S.E. vii, 3, 11, 12 n.15, 13 n.17, n.18, 29 n.2, 32 n.62, 130, 182 |
Finland 38, 42, 97, 131, 134, 164, 167
| Agrarians 104, 166 |
| cabinets in smaller European democracies study 100, 102-14 |
|
| Flora, P. 24, 66 n.4, 280 |
| Fondation Nationale de Science Politique 8 |
| Ford Foundation 7, 8 |
fragmentation, political 84, 132, 180, 182, 202, 214
| consociational democracy and 202, 209, 218-19 |
| cultural 209 |
|
France 23, 28 n.1, 34, 44, 71
| as theoretical model 270 |
| bureaucracy in 52, 82, 86, 137 |
| class power in 79, 80 |
| parties in 140, 164 |
party system in 18, 122, 130, 163, 167, 179
| anti-system parties 85 |
| centre-local axis of 86 |
| Duverger's ‘superimposed dualisms’ and 154-5 |
|
| sovereignty, establishment of 50, 78, 98 |
state, formation of 34-5, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 52-3, 73, 78-9, 91, 97, 229, 271
| Third Republic 80, 179, 181, 211, 235 |
| Fourth Republic 19, 22, 72, 85, 93, 166, 167, 179, 181, 211, 235 |
| Fifth Republic 130, 131, 159,
|
|
|
| |
| |
166, 179, 185-6, 253
| see also French Revolution |
|
|
|
| Franklin, M.E. 278 |
| freedom 60-1 |
French Revolution 34, 53, 56, 57, 75, 78, 196, 223, 224, 228, 270
| declaration of rights in 55, 231 |
| Jacobins, role in 62 |
| political change effect on 78 |
|
| Friedrich, C.J. vii, 1, 2, 11, 13 n.17, 62, 206 n.30, 212, 261 n.34, 273, 215-6 |
| Fulbright programme 273 |
| Future of Party Government, The 5 |
|
| Gaemers, J.H. 11 |
| Gaitskell, H. 20 |
| Gerlich, P. 10, 13 n.17 |
Germany 25, 71, 72
| class power, effect of 79 |
| bureaucracy and 73, 75, 82 |
| electoral systems in 130 |
| National Socialists 36-7 |
| parties in 140, 159 |
| party system in 18, 122 |
| political science in 30 n.25 |
| nation, concept of and 64-5 |
| Reich 39, 40, 53, 73, 75, 94 n.3 |
| representative government, emergence of 83 |
| state, development of 194, 204, 270 |
| suffrage 83 |
|
| Germany, Federal Republic of 19, 37, 165, 167, 181, 188 n.19 |
Germany, Weimar Republic 21, 22, 36-7, 46, 76, 82, 85, 88, 131, 177, 179-80, 181, 186
| constitution of 270-1 |
| as a model 211, 235, 270 |
|
| Government and Opposition 28 n.1 |
government, study of 269-81
| contrast between stable and unstable 270 |
| history, conceptions of and 269-270 |
| organicist v. liberal modes of development and 270 |
| see also comparative politics, study of; states, formation of |
|
| Graham, B. 171 n.43 |
| Greece 164, 276 |
| Greece, Ancient 51, 53
|
| Green, T.H. 52 |
| Groen van Prinsterer, G. 242 |
| Grosser, A. 4 |
| Grotius 247 |
| guilds 59 |
| Guizot, F. 58 |
| Gurr, T. 13 n.17 |
|
| Hamon, L. 3 |
| Harrison, W. vii, 2 |
| Harvard University 10 |
| Hayward, J. 13 n.17 |
| Hegel, G.W.F. 52, 58 |
| hegemony 229 |
| Hermens, F. 22, 129, 130, 180, 189 n.20, 206 n.30, 212, 261 n.34 |
| Hermet, G. 13 n.17 |
| Het boek van Opa Politiek 11 |
| Het Parool 3 |
| Hindenburg, P. von 19 |
| Hintze, O. 194 |
| historical determinism 58-9 |
| Hitler, A. 37 |
| Hobbes, T. 44, 54, 56, 57, 58 |
| Hoffmann, S. vii |
| Huber, U. 230 |
| human rights see rights |
| Hume, D. 87, 162, 173-4 |
| Huntington, S. 40, 112, 138, 205 n.17 |
| Hurtig, S. 3, 7, 8 |
| Huyse, L. 208, 210, 211, 213, 214, 220 |
|
Iceland 166, 167
| Althingi 3 |
| cabinets in smaller European democracies study 100, 102, 104, 106-14 |
|
| imperialism/(neo)imperialism 2, 275 |
| |
| |
individual, the 175
| as a political subject 53-6, 61 |
| freedom of 60-1, 175 |
| separation from society 53-4 |
| state and 60-6 |
|
| individualism 55, 56, 57, 58, 65-6, 78, 196, 228, 229
|
Industrial Revolution 63, 72, 77
| modern political parties and 77 |
|
| industrialisation 45, 79, 185, 239 |
| Inglehart, R. 24, 25, 279 |
| Institute of Social Studies (The Hague) 3 |
| Inter-Church Peace Council (IKV) 251 |
interest groups 5, 86, 187, 278
| networks and party systems 115, 134-4, 139 |
| party representation and 93, 97 n.40, 127 |
|
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) 272 |
| International Political Science Association (IPSA) 1, 2, 7, 9, 97, 273, 274, 277 |
| International Social Science Journal 9 |
| International Sociological Association (ISA) 9, 273 |
| Interuniversity Consortium of Political Research 7 |
| Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution 18 |
Ireland 5, 86, 97, 109, 134, 165
| cabinets in smaller European democracies study 100, 102, 104, 106, 108-14 |
| Fianna Fail 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 165 |
| Fine Gael 110, 165 |
| Labour Party 109, 165 |
|
| ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’ 89-91 |
| Irwin, G.A. 145 |
| Israel 193 |
Italy 21, 71, 72, 211, 277
| bureaucracy, position of 40, 42, 43, 46, 73, 82, 137 |
| class power in 80 |
| parties in 164, 165, 166, 167 |
| party system in 18, 22, 88, 134, 161, 180, 181, 186 |
| polarised pluralism, model of and 22 |
| state formation and 40, 84, 194, 204, 235, 271 |
|
|
| Japan 271 |
| Jefferson, T. 224 |
| Jenkins, R. 164 |
| Jennings, W.I. 18 |
| Johansen, L.N. 132, 145 |
|
| Kaase, M. 24, 279 |
| Kaltefleiter, W. 130 |
| Kiewiet, R.D. 144 n.50 |
| Kim, J. 24 |
| Kinder, D.R. 144 n.50 |
Kirchheimer, O. vii, 2, 4, 5, 25, 45, 96 n.40, 253, 271, 277
| catch-all parties 122, 134, 184, 187 |
|
| Kornhauser, W. 59, 138 |
| Kossmann, E.H. 10, 230, 231, 261 n.24 |
| Krabbe, A. 261 n.25 |
| Kreisky, B. 167 |
| Kruijt, J.P. 262 n.43 |
| Kuyper, A. 261 n.24, 264 n.53, n.54 |
|
| Laboulaye, E. de 78 |
| laissez-faire doctrines 57, 58, 59 |
| Lane, J.-E. 132 |
| LaPalombara, J. vii, 92 |
| Laqueur, W. 223 |
| Laski, H. 19, 56, 59, 230 |
| Lassalle, F. 36, 59 |
law, concept of 51
| positive and natural 51, 54-5, 57 |
|
| Lazarsfeld, P. 271 |
| League of Nations 65 |
| Lebanon 193 |
| left, concept of 164 |
| left/right scale, party placement and 8,
|
| |
| |
145, 149, 150, 151-2, 155, 161-2, 163, 164
| socio-economic interpretations of 155 |
| Sartori's unidimensional space 155-8 |
| self-location and 148, 150 |
| ‘superimposed dualism’ of Duverger 145-7, 154-5, 156, 161, 162-3 |
| see also centre, the; party systems |
|
| legitimacy 272, 274 |
| Lehmbruch, G. 7, 13 n.17, 23, 99, 189 n.32, 193, 208, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 217, 220 |
| Leiden University 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 211 |
| Leiserson, M. 99, 103 |
| liberty 269 |
Lijphart, A. vii, 6-7, 8, 13 n.17, n.18, 23.47 n.8, 61, 99, 133, 182-3, 189 n.26, 193, 202, 203, 208, 210, 213, 215, 216, 218-19, 220, 223, 235, 241, 242, 245, 246, 262 n.38, n.39, n.42
| corporate federalism 39 |
| democratic systems, typology of 182-3, 235
|
| see also consociational democracy model |
|
| Linz, J. vii, xi, 10, 13 n.17, n.18, 33-4, 47.47 n.1, n.4 |
| Lipset, S.M. 40, 138, 184 |
| List, F. 195 |
| Locke, J. 55, 56, 57, 228, 230, 261 n.24, 269 |
| Loewenstein, K. 1, 2, 271 |
| Lorwin, V. vii, 2, 4, 6, 12 n.11, 23, 97, 107, 169 n.27, 213, 240, 243, 262 n.40 |
| Lubbers, R. 256 |
Luxemburg 166, 167
| cabinets in smaller European democracies study 100, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109-14 |
|
| Macartney, C.A. 65, 206 n.21 |
| Machiavelli, N. 49, 269 |
| McKenzie, R.T. 91, 124 |
| Mackie, T.T. 131-2 |
| Macridis, R. 3, 274 |
| Madison, J. 59, 228 |
| Maguire, M. 123, 132 |
| Mair, P. vi, ix-xii, 8, 143 n.35, 145, 189 n.33 |
| Maitland, F.W. 59, 230 |
| majoritarian government 182-3, 236 |
| Maranini, G. 189 n.20 |
| Marshall Plan 247, 272 |
| Martin, W. 206 n.20 |
| Marx, K. 2, 58-9 |
| Marxist theory 52, 185
|
| May, J.D. 126 |
| Mayer, L.C. 132 |
| Mazzini, G. 94 n.11 |
| Mény, Y. 10 |
| Meynaud, J. 3 |
Michels, R. 5, 90, 91, 96 n.35, n.36, 121, 174
| ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’ 5, 89-91, 174 |
|
| Michigan studies 24, 133 |
middle class 79, 81
| parties 91 |
| see also cleavages |
|
| Miliband, R. 124 |
| Mill, J.S. 55, 138, 269 |
| Miller, W. 7, 168 n.9 |
| Mitterrand, F. 166, 224 |
monarchy 50, 51, 63, 74, 278, 284 n.33
| droit divin and 75 |
| political stability and 114 |
| replacement of 62 |
|
| Montesquieu, C. de S. 55, 57-8, 228, 230, 246, 269 |
| Moore, B. Jr. 206 n.30, 261 n.34 |
| Morgenthau, H. 271 |
| Morlan, R.L. 3 |
| |
| |
| Mosca, G. 90 |
| Munck, G. x, xi, 13 n.18 |
| Nannestad Olsen, P. 152 |
| Napoleon Bonaparte 53, 122, 179, 199, 228 |
| Napoleonic Empire 224 |
| nation-building, theory and 203-4 |
| nation, concept of 64-5, 206 n.21 |
| national determinism 65 |
| national identity 212 |
| National Socialism 60, 249 |
| nationalism 64, 87, 212, 224 |
| nationality 196, 212-13 |
| NATO 246, 247, 276 |
neo-corporatism 25, 53, 60, 61, 184, 185, 187, 233, 279-80
| comparative analysis and 280 |
| parliamentary democracy and 65 |
| see also corporatism |
|
Netherlands, The 9, 44, 71, 72, 208, 223
| bureaucracy in 82, 88, 197, 232, 233 |
| cabinets in smaller European democracies study 100, 102, 104, 106-14 |
| class and 79, 237, 238, 244 |
cleavage structure in 200, 216, 235, 236, 236-8, 239, 248-9
| cross-cutting 238 |
| ontzuiling, process of 248 |
| process of verzuiling and 239-41, 242, 263 n.46 |
| subculture development 241-3, 244, 248-9 |
|
consociational nation, as a 193, 194-204, 216-17, 218, 223, 226, 245
| development of (study) 195-204 |
| historical-pluralist theory and 243-4 |
| Lijphart's model and 236, 236-40, 241, 242, 245 |
| social cleavages and 239-41 |
|
| democratisation, demands for 252-6, 257, 258 |
| direct action and 250, 252, 257 |
| Dutch Revolution debate 224, 227
|
| economic development in 73, 79 |
historiography 223-34
| ancient pluralism and 228, 229, 230, 233, 245 |
| historical-pluralist theory 243-4, 245 |
| Radical reading of 226-8, 229, 230, 233 |
| Whig interpretation of 224-6, 228, 229, 230, 233, 241 |
|
| ‘Hollanditis’ 246 |
| individualisation, development of 10, 196, 229, 230, 249, 250, 257 |
| language and 198 |
| nationality 196, 199, 224 |
| Pacification of 1917 216-17, 238-9, 262 n.44, 263 n.52 |
Parliament 205 n.11, 254-6
| 1946-1986 distribution of seats in 255 |
|
| parties in 105, 164, 166, 167, 218, 252
|
party system 88, 150, 161, 253, 254
| left/right scale and 150-1, 254 |
|
| Patriot Movement 225, 226, 227, 229 |
| political culture 197-8, 202, 214 |
political system in 23, 252
| proportionality and 238-9, 244 |
|
religious groups in 197, 200, 201-2, 216, 225, 237, 238, 239-43, 244, 248-9, 252, 254, 257
| see also Calvinists, Dutch; Catholics, Dutch; Dutch Republic |
|
| rights, recognition of 230-1, 241 |
| state, notion of 230, 231-3 |
| state formation, early 39, 42, 52, 63, 73, 195-202, 216-17, 223-7, 232-4
|
|
| |
| |
| coalition government and 198, 239, 242, 253, 254, 256, 257 |
| geopolitical factors 194-5, 198-9 |
| leadership and 243-4, 246 |
| political centralisation and 199-200, 232 |
| political elites and 230, 233-4, 241-2, 243, 244, 257 |
| pluralism and 197, 198, 203, 204, 206 n.23, 225-6, 228, 230, 238, 241, 243-4, 245, 247, 258 |
| unification, process of 194, 197, 201, 232 |
|
| television and 247-8 |
| territorial consolidation 195 |
| suffrage 225, 238, 243, 260 n.11 |
verzuiling 209, 217, 218, 226, 236, 237, 241, 244, 263 n.46
| interpretations of 240-1, 243 |
|
| see also Dutch Republic |
|
| Netherlands Institute of Government xi |
| Neumann, F. 271 |
| Neumann, S. 74, 92, 122, 134, 176, 271, 284 n.30 |
| New School for Social Research 2 |
| Newton, K. 8 |
| Nie, N.H. 24, 136 |
| Nordlinger, E.A. 208, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220 |
| Northern Ireland 23, 210 |
Norway 23, 25-6, 38, 72, 208
| cabinets in smaller European democracies study 100, 102, 104, 106-14 |
| EC referendum (1972) 38 |
| parties in 162, 165 |
| party system 164 |
| state formation 38, 42, 83 |
|
|
| OECD 181, 247, 272 |
oligarchy 60, 71, 73, 174
| ‘Iron Law’ of and 89-91 |
| transition to polyarchy 81 |
|
| Oriental Despotism 276 |
| Ostrogorski, M. 90-1, 121, 174 |
|
| Palmer, R.R. 223-4 |
| Pareto, V. 90, 126 |
| Parliamentary Affairs 28 n.1 |
parliamentary government 18-19, 44, 76, 177, 182
| cabinet coalitions, theories of 99 |
| parties changes in 126-8 |
|
parliamentary systems 97, 130, 270, 281
| European 130, 131 |
| see also individual countries |
|
| Parteienstaat 175, 180 |
participation, political 24, 56, 85, 138, 139, 210, 229
| citizen action and 138-40 |
|
| Parties and Party Systems 22, 155 |
| Partis contre La République, Les 91 |
party(ies) 120-9, 140-1, 174
| as unitary actors 146 |
| anti-system 84-5, 161 |
| bureaucracies, relation with and 136-7 |
| bureaucratisation of 127-8 |
| centre parties see centre parties |
| changing nature of 126-9 |
| class equality and 90 |
| competition 76, 156, 187 |
| concept/definition of 71, 174 |
crisis of 173-87
| denial of 173, 176 |
| redundancy of 173, 183, 184-5 |
| rejection of 173, 175, 176, 178-9 |
|
| electoral mandate of 124-5, 129 |
| elites, role of 72, 74-5, 78, 92-3, 126, 128, 175 |
| experts, reliance on 127, 141 |
| factionalism within 99 |
| finance of 127 |
| formation 74, 76 |
| identification with 133 |
| internally/externally created 91-2 |
| ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’ and 89-9 |
| issue selection 129 |
|
| |
| |
| legitimacy of 121, 133, 173, 174, 175, 176 |
| manifestos of 152 |
| mass media and 120, 126, 127, 134, 135-6, 141 |
| mass parties 176 |
| militants, role of 125, 126-7 |
| opposition 92 |
| organisation 76, 127 |
| professionalisation of 127, 128 |
| rise of modern 174-6 |
role in political development 76-7, 84, 121, 122, 141-2, 186
| historically specific role 184-6 |
|
| theories of 122-4, 174 |
| see also centre, the; coalitions; interest groups; left/right scale, party placement and; political mobilisation |
|
| party democracy model 125, 126 |
| party government model 125, 126 |
| party membership 133 |
party systems
| ‘bargaining parties’ and 88 |
| bi/multi/uni/non polarity and 105-7, 130 |
| bureaucratic response to 82-3 |
| central-local axis and 86-7 |
| centre perspective of 145 |
cleavages within 72, 87-9
| models of 111-12 |
| Rokkan's typologies 112 |
|
| coalition theory and 99 |
| dynamics of 133 |
| elites and stability 92-3 |
| ideological polarisation in 150, 155-6 |
| interparty conflict and 157 |
| majoritarian models 182-3 |
multi-party 88, 98, 99, 130, 154, 178-9, 182, 186
| consensus model 1, 182-3 |
| rejection and re-evaluation of 178-82 |
|
| ‘reach’ or ‘permeation’ of 81 |
Sartori's typology of 22, 130
| unidimensional interpretation 155-8 |
|
| single 130, 177 |
| spatial representation of 149, 153-8 |
| stability of 123 |
| two-party 88, 98, 99, 130, 133, 165, 177-8, 180, 183, 186 |
| see also electoral systems |
|
| Pasquino, G. 13 n.18 |
| Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics x, 13 n.18 |
| Patterns of Modernity 9 |
| peasantry 79, 80, 83 |
| Pedersen, M. vii, 8, 10, 13 n.17, 47 n.5, 123, 132, 152 |
| Petry, F. 145 |
| Philip II of Spain 224 |
| Piedmont 39, 40, 42 |
| Plato 228 |
| plebiscitary politics 141 |
pluralism 46, 61, 217, 280
| ancient 228, 229, 230, 233 |
| ethical and analytical 59 |
| nation-building and 203-4 |
| political 44 |
| segmented 23 |
| theories of 59, 98, 209, 235, 239 |
|
| polis 53-4, 57 |
| political development, concept/theory of 71, 274-5, 276, 280 |
| political economy 280 |
political mobilisation 76, 119-42
| action groups and 120, 128, 135, 139-40 |
| parties as agencies of 120 |
| ‘partisan-electoral channel’, linkage with 119, 120 |
| policies, as basis for 140 |
| Second Chamber, importance of 131 |
| social groups and 134 |
|
| Political Oppositions in Western Democracies 4 |
| Political Oppositions Project 45 |
| |
| |
| Political Parties 91, 145 |
| Political Parties and Political Developments 4 |
| political socialisation 76, 119-20, 139, 197 |
| Political Studies 2, 3 |
| ‘politics of accommodation’ 113, 202, 203 |
| Politics of Accommodation, The 7, 23, 235, 236 |
| Politics of the Developing Areas, The 274 |
| Politiek en Historie 11 |
polyarchy 10, 21, 59
| inclusive, development of 45, 46-7 |
| model of 61 |
|
| Polybius 269 |
| Pompidou, G. 167 |
| populism 60 |
| Portugal 25, 71, 164, 276 |
| Potter, A. 4 |
| Powell, G.B. Jr. 208, 211, 214 |
| Preface to Democratic Theory, A 228 |
| presidential systems 97, 270, 281 |
| proportional representation (PR) 19, 198, 204, 209, 212, 219 |
| Proporzdemokratie 7, 23, 99, 193, 208 |
Prussia 35, 36-7, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46
| bureaucratic development in 37, 38, 42, 52, 73, 75, 137 |
| Junkers and 79, 80 |
| militarisation and 75 |
| state formation 53, 73 |
| state, notion of 36 |
|
| public and private, separation of 51 |
| Pye, L.W. 208 |
|
| Radbruch, G. 269 |
| Rae, D. 24, 110, 130, 132 |
| rational choice theory 280 |
| Redslob, R. 269 |
| referenda 131, 186 |
religion/religious groups 50, 64, 87, 94 n.4
| breakdown of universal 54 |
| cleavage lines and 87, 88, 201, 202, 210, 214 |
| parties and 83, 152 |
| political activity and 73, 162 |
| see also Calvinism; Catholicism; Netherlands, The, religious groups in |
|
| Renan, E. 64 |
representation 44, 83, 210
| class equality and 90 |
| parties and 175 |
| proportional 83, 198, 204, 206 n.18, 209, 212, 219, 270 |
|
rights 58
| collective and individual 131 |
| concept of 55, 231 |
| declarations of 55, 231 |
| expansion of 56 |
| natural 55 |
|
| Riker, W.H. 99 |
| Robertson, D. 152 |
| Robson, W.A. 2, 3, 17, 18, 274 |
Rokkan, S. vii, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12 n.11, 13 n.17, 17, 23, 31 n.59, 38, 43, 45, 47 n.4, 52, 83, 93, 97, 98, 163, 189 n.32, 193, 197, 205 n.17, 221 n.17
| comparative studies and 25-7, 28, 277, 279 |
| European models 277, 280 |
| democratisation process and 229-30 |
| ‘freezing proposition’ 120, 123, 184 |
| ‘partisan-electoral channel’ 65, 185 |
| party systems and 105, 129, 131, 184, 186 |
|
| Rome, Ancient 51, 54, 56, 57 |
| Rome Convention (1950) 55 |
| Rose, R. 8, 13 n.17, 123, 131-2, 278 |
Rousseau, J.-J. 44, 57-8, 59, 121, 138, 228, 230
| general will and 60, 175, 176, 228 |
|
| Rüegg, W. 9, 10 |
| Ruffieux, R. 4 |
| rule of law 44, 269, 270 |
| Russia 38 |
| |
| |
| Sabine, G.H. 261 n.25 |
| Saelen, K.T. 31 n.59 |
| Sani, G. 150, 155, 157, 162 |
Sartori, G. vii, 3, 4, 5, 13 n.17, n.18, 84, 92, 129, 132, 146, 165, 178, 189 n.20, 253
| centre parties and 145-6, 156, 157, 148, 164 |
| party location studies 150, 155-7, 162 |
| party systems 22, 74, 98, 99, 105, 119, 130, 133, 145, 156, 161, 178, 180, 277 |
|
| Schama, S. 223, 224 |
| Schmidt, M. 24 |
| Schmitter, P. 13 n.17, 189 n.32, 280 |
| Schumpeter, J.A. 19, 22, 175, 178, 184, 271 |
| secularisation 54-5 |
| Seipel, I. 109 |
| separatism 209-110 |
| Shils, E. vii, 5 |
| Shmuel, E.N. vii |
| Silent Revolution 25 |
| Size and Democracy 6, 114 |
| Sjøblom, G. 119, 136 |
| Skinner, Q. 67 n.8 |
| Smaller European Democracies Project (SED) 4, 5-6, 7, 9 |
| Smith, G. 10, 13 n.17, 29 n.2 |
| Snyder, R. x, xi, 13 n.18 |
| social contract 57 |
| Social Science Research Council (SSRC) 3, 4, 9, 272 |
socialists/socialism 45, 46, 58, 133, 185, 279
| democratising influences in 76 |
| in smaller European democracies 108-9, 110, 111, 112 |
| development of 58-9 |
|
socio-economic development 4, 73, 77-8, 270, 275
| modes of 77 |
| ‘organicist’ v. liberal model 270 |
| political effects of 78-9 |
|
| Sorel, G. 90 |
| South Africa 23 |
sovereignty 59, 182, 269
| absolute 228 |
| concept of 50, 51, 64 |
| electorate, of 178 |
| popular 75, 78, 121, 217, 228, 229, 270 |
| states and 43-4, 97 |
|
Spain 33, 71, 164, 276
| state development in 37, 40, 194, 229 |
|
| Spinoza, B. 230 |
| spiritual and temporal power 49-50 |
| stability, political 272 |
state
| characteristics of 50-3 |
| concept of 49-50, 53, 64, 230, 231 |
| direct rule 50-1 |
| see also sovereignty |
|
states, formation of 9, 33-4, 37-9, 64, 281
| centre formation, process of 52, 72-3 |
| centre-periphery conflicts and 38 |
consociational 39, 202-4, 211-18, 235-45
| see also consociational democracy model |
|
| contract theories 57 |
| economic development and 72, 73, 77, 78-9, 83 |
| elite setting and 72, 74-5, 78 |
| federation/confederation and 41-2 |
| ideological immobilism and 210 |
| instruments of control 52 |
| see also bureaucracy; under names of individual countries |
|
| Steiner, J. 7, 23, 193, 210-11, 213-14, 215, 217, 220, 221 n.17 |
| Steiner, K. 208, 220 n.5 |
| Sternberger, D. 3, 274 |
| Stiefbold, R. 193 |
| Stjernquist, N. 4 |
| Stouthard, P. 168 n.9 |
| |
| |
| Suarez, A. 164 |
| suffrage 45, 46, 63, 74, 93, 122
|
| survey analysis 24 |
Sweden 17
| cabinets in smaller European democracies study 100, 102, 104, 106-14 |
| monarchy in 63 |
| parties in 104, 105, 165, 167 |
| party system in 150, 164 |
| state formation in 37, 38, 74, 194 |
|
Switzerland 7, 9, 17, 38, 44, 71, 193
| bureaucratic development 42, 197 |
| cleavage structure in 195, 200, 206 n.24 |
| economic development and class 79 |
consociational state formation in 39, 193, 194-204, 218, 277
| development of (study) 193, 194, 195-202 |
|
| language and 196, 199, 202, 206 n.20 |
| nationality and 196 |
| party system in 88, 150 |
| political culture 198, 202 |
political system in 20, 23, 73, 74, 97, 181, 182, 193, 194, 195-204, 217, 229
| cantons and 194, 195, 200-1, 217 |
| centralisation and 199, 200, 217 |
| geo-political factors 194-5, 198, 199 |
| pluralism in 203, 204, 214 |
| political federation (1848) 200, 206 n.24 |
| research and 207, 208, 213-14, 215 |
|
| religious involvement in 200-1, 202, 217 |
| Swiss Confederation 195, 199 |
|
| syndicalism 59, 84 |
| systems theory 279 |
|
| Talmon, J.L. 60, 75 |
| taxation 52 |
| Thompson, K. 273 |
| Thorbecke, J.R. 226, 227, 260 n.13 |
| Tilly, C. 66 n.3, 260 n.14 |
| Times, The 164 |
| totalitarian democracy 60 |
totalitarianism 33, 55, 59, 71, 75, 119, 138, 186, 249, 270, 276
| model of 62 |
| post-1945 rise of 271 |
| study of 275-6 |
|
| trade unions 134 |
| Trauma of Decolonization, The 6 |
| Truman, D.B. 59, 214, 235 |
| Tufte, E. 6, 114 |
| turnout studies 24, 132 |
|
| Ulam, A.B. 3 |
| Uleri, P.V. 145 |
UNESCO 273
| International Social Science Research Council 273 |
|
United Kingdom 28 n.1, 71, 72
| as a political model 17-19, 20-1, 40, 41, 97, 177-8, 211, 270, 277 |
| British Cabinet 2, 19, 270 |
| bureaucracy, development of 52, 137 |
| Civil Service 82, 137 |
| economic development in 73, 79 |
| electoral system 18, 130 |
| Manchester Liberalism 79 |
| Parliament, sovereignty of 18, 20, 51 |
| parties in 18, 40, 46, 79, 82, 124, 165 |
party system in 45-6, 88, 124, 165, 167, 173, 174, 180, 183
| as dominant model 177-8, 181, 182, 186 |
| centre-local axis of 86 |
|
| Social Democratic Party 164, 165 |
| state, formation of 35-6, 51, 63, 73, 74, 194, 229
|
|
| |
| |
| Civil War (17th C.) 75 |
| English Non-Conformists 83 |
| Glorious Revolution (1688) 35, 75 |
| sovereignty, establishment of 50, 51 |
| working-class and 83 |
|
| suffrage 83 |
|
| United Nations 55, 272 |
United States 34
| American Revolution 55, 223, 224 |
| as research model 211, 270, 277 |
| Constitution 58 |
| Declaration of Independence 224 |
| Monroe doctrine 272 |
| party system 21, 45, 88, 122, 150, 174, 176, 180, 184-5 |
| political theory, development of 271, 272 |
| polyarchy, as a 21 |
| presidential system in 19, 98 |
| rights in 231 |
state formation in 40-1, 112, 209 n.17, 269
| bureaucracy and 41, 42, 43 |
| federalism in 40 |
| working-class parties and 83 |
|
|
| Universitair Panopticum 11 |
| Universities, Politicians, and Bureaucrats: Europe and the United States 5-6 |
| urbanisation 45, 63, 80, 83, 247 |
| Uruguay 193 |
| Urwin, D. 8, 27, 123 |
| USSR 251, 271 |
| Utopian beliefs 58 |
|
| Valen, H. 25, 163 |
| Van Agt, A.A.M. 256 |
| Van de Geer, J.P. 150 |
| Van der Muelen, W. 230, 261 n.24 |
| Van der Veen, M.S. 205 n.11 |
| van der Velden, J. 97 |
| van Heerikhuizen, B. 264 n.58 |
| van Hogendorp, G.K. 225 |
| van Loon, J.G. 266 n.71 |
| Van oude en nieuwe regenten 11 |
| van Poelje, G.A. 261 n.30 |
| van Thijn, E. 253-4, 256, 266 n.76, n.78 |
Verba, S. vii, 13 n.17, n.18, 24, 121, 133, 136, 139, 211, 279, 282 n.2
| Eight-Nation study 133, 138, 150 |
|
| Verhoef, J. 97 |
| Vietnam War 248 |
| Vis, J.J. 265 n.60 |
| von Beyme, K. 13 n.17 |
| von Gierke, O. 59, 205 n.4, 230 |
|
| Wagner, A. 185 |
| Waline, M. 91 |
Wallerstein, I. 275
| World System approach 275, 279, 280 |
|
| Ward, R.E. 3, 273 |
| Weber, M. 30 n.25, 95 n.17, 121, 137 |
| Weiner, M. 92 |
| welfare state 24, 56, 63, 279, 280 |
| West European Party Systems: Continuity and Change 8 |
| West European Politics 10, 11, 28 n.1 |
| Westerståhl, J. 8 |
| Westminster model 23 |
| Wheare, K.C. 181, 188 n.11 |
| Wildenmann, R. 5, 8, 11, 13 n.17, 130 |
| Wilensky, H. 13 n.17 |
| William I 227, 228, 260 n.15 |
| William II 226 |
| William V 224 |
| Williams, P. 28 n.1, 78 |
| Wittfogel, K.A. 276 |
| Wolinetz, S.B. 132 |
working class 64, 79
| Industrial Revolution, effect of on 80 |
| political power of 75, 79, 80, 83, 84, 163 |
|
| World Bank 272 |
| World Politics x, 7 |
| Wright, V. 9-10, 13 n.17, 28 n.1 |
|
|
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