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Dutch. A linguistic history of Holland and Belgium (1983)

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© zie Auteursrecht en gebruiksvoorwaarden.

Dutch. A linguistic history of Holland and Belgium

(1983)–Bruce Donaldson–rechtenstatus Auteursrechtelijk beschermd

Vorige Volgende
[pagina 185]
[p. 185]

Glossary

The following definitions, which could have been more detailed in some instances, relate to how the terms are used in this book.

Ablaut: (German term) regular system of alternation of vowels in the same consonantal environment; the alternation denotes a distinction in meaning e.g. sing/sang/sung/song.
ABN: abbreviation of Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands (General Cultivated Dutch) - see p. 17).
affricate: a stop (see stop) plus movement into the corresponding fricative (see fricative) position e.g. ts, pf, kch.
allograph: see grapheme.
allophone: see phoneme.
analogical change: the occasional and unpredictable tendency of a word or form to be pulled out of its natural orbit of development by the attraction of another word or form with which it has a real or fancied resemblance.
Anlaut, Auslaut, Inlaut: (German terms) at the beginning, at the end and in the middle of a word respectively.
apocope: the loss of a final vowel e.g. MNL ic neme > NNL ik neem.
aspiration: the addition of a perceptible breath, or h-sound, after a stop or plosive e.g. Eng. phot, thop.
Auslaut: see Anlaut.
Auslautsverschärfung: (lit. final sharpening - a German term) the devoicing of voiced stops and fricatives at the end of a word, common to Dutch and German but foreign to English e.g. leven-leef.
back vowel: a vowel which is articulated in the back of the mouth - see chart on p. 132.
beschaafd: (lit. civilised, cultured) standard, non-low class.
checked vowel: see p. 46.
closed syllable: a syllable ending in a consonant e.g. zet-ten - see open syllable.
cognate (form): words in two or more languages from the same original source e.g. Eng. beam/Dutch boom, as distinct from a loan word e.g. Eng. boom (< Dutch boom).
compensatory lengthening: the lengthening of a short vowel to compensate for the loss of a following nasal in the combination short vowel + n + fricative e.g. Dutch mond - Eng. mouth.
compound grapheme: see grapheme.
cultuurtaal: (lit. language of culture) standard language, R.P.
diphthong: a sound made by gliding continuously from the position for one vowel to that for another.
diphthongisation: see p. 131.
Ersatzdehung: (German term) - see compensatory lengthening.
etymology: that branch of linguistics which deals with the origin and history of words.

[pagina 186]
[p. 186]

fricative: a consonant produced by friction caused by the air moving through a narrow passage somewhere in the mouth e.g. f, s, th, v, z.
front vowel: a vowel whose point of articulation is in the front of the mouth - see chart on p. 132.
fronting: bringing a sound, whether vowel or consonant, from the back to the front of the mouth.
gemination: doubling or prolonging of a sound, especially consonants, usually indicated by a double letter in writing.
grapheme: the smallest unit of writing that distinguishes one meaning from another; compound grapheme - a group of two or more letters representing a single sound; allograph - a positional or other variant of a written symbol or grapheme.
gutteral: see velar.
Ingwaeonism: see p. 128.
Inlaut: see Anlaut.
isogloss: a line on a map marking the boundaries within which a given linguistic phenomenon is to be found.
methathesis: a sporadic sound change whereby there is a transposition of the order of sounds within a word.
monophthong: a phoneme produced as a single sound.
monophthongisation: see p. 131.
morphology: the science and study of the smallest meaningful units of language and of their formation into words - includes inflection and derivation but not syntax.
oblique cases: a collective term for all declensional cases other than the nominative.
open syllable: a syllable ending in a vowel e.g. pra-ten - see closed syllable.
palatal sound: any sound formed by placing the front of the tongue against the hard palate as in front vowels for example.
phoneme: a minimal unit of distinctive sound; allophone - a positional variant of a phoneme which occurs in a specific environment and does not differentiate meaning e.g. the different k-sounds in cat and kit.
phonetics: the analysis and classification of speech sounds including how they are produced in the mouth - compare phonology.
phonology: a description of the sounds of a language and how they function in that language - compare phonetics.
plat: a non- or sub-standard form, often dialectical in origin.
plosive: see stop.
Randstad: (lit. rim city) the collective name given to the following cities in the west of the Netherlands which almost form a circle: Haarlem, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Rotterdam, Delft, The Hague, and Leiden. Together they play a dominant role in the economic, political, sociological and linguistic life of the Netherlands.
rhotacism: the shift from intervocalic voiced s (i.e. [z] to [r]) e.g. kiezen - keuren.
rounding, unrounding: pronouncing a sound with the lips rounded or unrounded respectively - compare choose (rounded) and cheese (unrounded).
schwa: (a Hebrew term) the colourless, indistinct, neutral vowel represented by the symbol [ә] e.g. father, enough.
stop: a consonant that momentarily halts the flow of breath e.g. p, t, k, b, d - also called a plosive.
svarabhakti: (a Sanscrit term) the insertion of a vowel to break up a troublesome consonant cluster e.g .film [filәm].
syncope: the loss of a medial sound.
syntax: the study of word order.
Umlaut: (a German term) see p. 132.
Umlautsfaktor: (a German term) the i or j (often weakened to ә or lost altogether)

[pagina 187]
[p. 187]

  which causes the back vowel in a previous syllable to mutate to a front vowel.
unrounding: see rounding.
uvular: a consonant, usually r, produced by contact between the back of the tongue and the uvula.
velar: a consonant formed by the back of the tongue against the soft palate - also called gutteral.
vocalisation: the change of a consonant to a semi-vowel or vowel.
voiced: sounds produced with simultaneous vibration of the vocal cords i.e. all vowels and the following consonants for example b, d, g, v, z; the voiceless or devoiced counterparts of these consonants are p, l, k, f, s.

Note: Several of the definitions in this glossary have been taken (almost) verbatim from M. Pei, ‘Glossary of Linguistic Terminology’, Anchor Books, New York, 1966.


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