The Influence of English on Afrikaans
(1991)–Bruce Donaldson–
Auteursrechtelijk beschermdBruce Donaldson, The Influence of English on Afrikaans. Academica, Pretoria 1991 (2de druk)
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Dit bestand biedt, behoudens een aantal hierna te noemen ingrepen, een diplomatische weergave van de tweede druk van The Influence of English on Afrikaans van Bruce Donaldson uit 1991. De eerste druk dateert uit 1988. Voor deze digitale versie is gebruik gemaakt van een eigen exemplaar. Voor de scan van het origineel en de afbeelding van het omslag is gebruik gemaakt van een scan van de North-West University Libraries Potchefstroom. Het omslag is oorspronkelijk in kleur.
redactionele ingrepen
De eindnoten zijn in deze digitale editie direct bij de bijbehorende nootverwijzingen geplaatst. De volgende pagina’s zijn hierdoor komen te vervallen: 198, 199, 200, 201, 229, 230.
p. 91: 0. → O.: ‘O. van Oostrum en P. Heslinga's Taalgoggas in die daelikse lewe (1937)’
Bij de omzetting van de gebruikte bron naar deze publicatie in de dbnl is een aantal delen van de tekst niet overgenomen. Hieronder volgen de tekstgedeelten die wel in het origineel voorkomen maar hier uit de lopende tekst zijn weggelaten. Ook de blanco pagina's (II, VI, X) zijn niet opgenomen in de lopende tekst.
[pagina I]
THE INFLUENCE OF ENGLISH ON AFRIKAANS
[pagina III]
The Influence of English on Afrikaans
A case study of linguistic change in a language contact situation
B.C. Donaldson (BA, Drs Litt, D Litt) Senior lecturer in Dutch Department of Germanic studies and Russian University of Melbourne
Academica
[pagina IV]
Copyright © 1991 by B.C. Donaldson First published in 1991 by Academica, a division of J L van Schaik (Pty) Ltd 1064 Arcadia Street, Hatfield, Pretoria
Cover design by Johan Gibson
Printed and bound by National Book Printers, Goodwood
ISBN 0 86874 401 8
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or by photocopying, recording or microfilming, or stored in any retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher.
[pagina XI]
Contents
| 1.0 | Introduction | 1 |
| 1.1 | The uniqueness of the linguistic situation in South Africa, with reference to Afrikaans in particular | 2 |
| 1.2 | The importance of the topic being studied again | 5 |
| 1.2.1 | Why the topic has been avoided for so long | 8 |
| 1.2.2 | Neglect of Afrikaans by Dutch scholars | 10 |
| 1.2.3 | The importance of a study of the English-Afrikaans contact situation to the world at large | 11 |
| 1.3 | The contribution this work hopes to make to a further understanding of anglicisms in Afrikaans | 12 |
| 1.3.1 | Why consideration of Coloured Afrikaans is excluded from this study | 15 |
| 1.4 | The methodology | 16 |
| 1.4.1 | Sources of the corpus | 16 |
| 1.4.2 | Identifying English influence | 18 |
| 2.0 | What is an anglicism? | 28 |
| 2.1 | The reasons for the interference-cum-influence | 28 |
| 2.1.1 | The historical facts behind the contact between English and Afrikaans | 28 |
| 2.1.2 | The nature of the contact situation in which English and Afrikaans find themselves | 35 |
| 2.1.3 | The linguistic diffusion as a result of cultural assimilation in South Africa | 45 |
| 2.1.4 | The inherent affinity of the two languages | 50 |
| 2.2 | Definitions of the term anglicism | 55 |
| 2.2.1 | Dictionary definitions | 55 |
| 2.2.2 | Definitions of those who have written of anglicisms in Afrikaans | 57 |
| 2.2.3 | The author's understanding of the term anglicism and opinion of the definitions of others | 61 |
| 2.3 | Attitudes to anglicisms | 63 |
| 2.3.1 | Previous attitudes | 64 |
| 2.3.2 | Current attitudes | 73 |
| 2.3.3 | The author's attitude | 79 |
| 3.0 | Previous works on anglicisms | 85 |
| 3.1 | Works written prior to 1900 | 86 |
| 3.1.1 | A.N.E. Changuion (1844) | 86 |
| 3.1.2 | N. Mansvelt (1884) | 88 |
| 3.2 | Works written in the 1930's | 91 |
| 3.2.1 | O. van Oostrum and P. Heslinga (1937) | 91 |
[pagina XII]
| 3.2.2 | H.J. Rousseau (1937) | 94 | ||
| 3.3 | Works written after 1940 | 103 | ||
| 3.3.1 | J.J. le Roux (1952) | 103 | ||
| 3.3.2 | M.A. Basson i.a. (1964) | 105 | ||
| 3.3.3 | J. Combrink (1968) | 106 | ||
| 3.3.4 | H.J. Terblanche (1972) | 107 | ||
| 3.3.5 | H.J.J.M. Van der Merwe and F.A. Ponelis (1982) | 108 | ||
| 3.4 | Dictionaries | 111 | ||
| 3.4.1 | WAT (1950-) | 111 | ||
| 3.4.2 | HAT (1965) | 114 | ||
| 4.0 | Acceptability (inburgering) and linguistic change | 119 | ||
| 4.1 | What constitutes standard Afrikaans and acceptability? | 119 | ||
| 4.2 | Anglicisms as complementary and competitive factors | 128 | ||
| 4.3 | Displacement (verdringing) of indigenous structures | 131 | ||
| 4.4 | Linguistic interference and language change | 133 | ||
| 4.5 | English influence and linguistic change in Afrikaans | 138 | ||
| 5.0 | Purism | 143 | ||
| 5.1 | The reasons for purism | 143 | ||
| 5.2 | The success of puristic endeavours in Afrikaans | 146 | ||
| 5.3 | The disadvantages of purism | 150 | ||
| 5.4 | Forms of purism | 157 | ||
| 6.0 | Pseudo-anglicisms (skyn-Anglisismes) | 161 | ||
| 6.1 | Misconceptions and witch hunts (wanopvattings en Anglisismejag) | 161 | ||
| 6.2 | The difficulties of distinguishing real from pseudo-anglicisms | 163 | ||
| 6.3 | The role of contributing factors (versterkende faktore) | 166 | ||
| 7.0 | The corpus | 169 | ||
| 7.1 | Loan translations | 170 | ||
| 7.1.1 | Expressions | 171 | ||
| 7.1.1.1 | Semantically empty verbs | 177 | ||
| 7.1.1.2 | Diets expressions with an English form | 179 | ||
| 7.1.2 | Compound nouns | 181 | ||
| 7.1.3 | Separable verbs | 184 | ||
| 7.1.4 | Other words | 187 | ||
| 7.1.4.1 | Nouns | 187 | ||
| 7.1.4.2 | Adjectives | 188 | ||
| 7.1.4.3 | Adverbs | 188 | ||
| 7.1.4.4 | Verbs | 188 | ||
| 7.2 | Lehnübertragungen | 189 | ||
| 7.3 | Neologisms | 191 | ||
[pagina XIII]
| 7.4 | Competition between indigenous and international vocabulary | 193 | ||
| 7.5 | Assimilated loanwords (puristic spelling) | 195 | ||
| 7.6 | Unassimilated loanwords | 202 | ||
| 7.7 | Hybrid compounds and derivatives | 203 | ||
| 7.8 | Word formation | 205 | ||
| 7.8.1 | Compound nouns | 205 | ||
| 7.8.2 | Nominal -ing | 207 | ||
| 7.8.3 | Feminising suffixes | 208 | ||
| 7.8.4 | Adjectival use of place names | 208 | ||
| 7.8.5 | Adjectival -ies versus -iek | 209 | ||
| 7.8.6 | Adverbial -lik | 209 | ||
| 7.8.7 | Puristic word formation | 210 | ||
| 7.9 | Auxiliary verbs | 210 | ||
| 7.9.1 | Modal verbs | 210 | ||
| 7.9.1.1 | Mag | 211 | ||
| 7.9.1.2 | Sal | 211 | ||
| 7.9.1.3 | Hoef/nodig hê | 212 | ||
| 7.9.1.4 | Moet | 212 | ||
| 7.9.2 | Other auxiliary verbs | 212 | ||
| 7.10 | Passive constructions | 213 | ||
| 7.11 | Changes in the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs | 216 | ||
| 7.12 | International vocabulary | 219 | ||
| 7.13 | Semantic shift | 223 | ||
| 7.13.1 | Extension of meaning | 224 | ||
| 7.13.2 | Other forms of semantic shift | 225 | ||
| 7.14 | Semantic shift as a result of (partial) homophony | 225 | ||
| 7.15 | Synonymous couplets | 231 | ||
| 7.16 | Change of function | 234 | ||
| 7.17 | Plural formation | 237 | ||
| 7.18 | Phonological influence | 240 | ||
| 7.18.1 | Indigenous vocabulary | 240 | ||
| 7.18.2 | Loanwords | 241 | ||
| 7.18.3 | International vocabulary | 242 | ||
| 7.19 | Stress | 246 | ||
| 7.20 | Geographic names | 250 | ||
| 7.21 | Abbreviations | 252 | ||
| 7.22 | Adjectives | 253 | ||
| 7.22.1 | Omission of adjectival inflection | 253 | ||
| 7.22.2 | Formation of the comparative and superlative | 253 | ||
| 7.23 | Articles | 254 | ||
| 7.24 | Conjunctions | 256 | ||
| 7.25 | Numerals | 259 | ||
| 7.26 | Prepositions | 261 | ||
| 7.27 | Pronouns | 266 | ||
[pagina XIV]
| 7.27.1 | Ramifications of preposition stranding for pronouns | 266 | |
| 7.27.2 | Dit/wat | 267 | |
| 7.27.3 | Independent use of hierdie/daardie | 269 | |
| 7.27.4 | Certain functions of personal pronouns | 270 | |
| 7.27.5 | Reflexive pronouns | 271 | |
| 7.27.6 | Wie in lieu of wat as a relative | 273 | |
| 7.27.7 | The indefinite pronoun een/enetjie | 274 | |
| 7.28 | Word order | 276 | |
| 7.28.1 | Verb not in final position | 276 | |
| 7.28.2 | No inversion of subject and verb | 278 | |
| 7.28.3 | STOMP | 278 | |
| 7.28.4 | Preposition stranding | 279 | |
| 7.28.5 | Position of alleen(lik) | 279 | |
| 7.28.6 | Other discrepancies of word order | 279 | |
| 7.28.7 | Prenominal phrases | 280 | |
| 7.29 | Special registers strongly influenced by English | 281 | |
| 7.29.1 | Swearing | 281 | |
| 7.29.2 | Greetings, farewells, thanking and forms of address | 282 | |
| 8.00 | Conclusion and perspectives for further research | 285 | |
| 8.1 | Conclusion | 285 | |
| 8.2 | Perspectives for further research | 286 | |
| Bibliography | 288 | ||