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The Influence of English on Afrikaans (1991)

The Influence of English on Afrikaans

(1991)–Bruce Donaldson–rechtenstatus Auteursrechtelijk beschermd

Vorige Volgende

7.1 Loan translations

By far the largest category of English influenced structures is that of loan translations. But this is to be expected if the survival of Afrikaans is dependent on its ability to satisfy the vertaalbaarheidseis, as has been suggested. (cf. p. 47) Much of what is contained in this section is, however, the result of spontaneous translation by the bilingual Afrikaner rather than the result of the efforts of official translation bodies such as the vaktaalburos.

 

Categorising loan translations within this section is both difficult and artificial to a certain extent: does one classify according to syntactical or morphological formation or according to sphere of use, for example? I have been vaguely guided by formation, separating lexical items - further subdivided into compound nouns, separable verbs and other words - from

phrases and clauses, but even this division can be difficult to defend at times.

 

Some of the clauses given could warrant the label proverbs or proverbial expressions but these are all rather arbitrary lines one would be forced to draw that do not really bear any relevance to the role English has played in the matter.

 

At times it was difficult to determine whether an expression such as hy is sy sout nie werd nie belonged simply under 7.1.1 (expressions) or under 7.1.1.2 (Diets expressions with an English form - cf. p. 179). It is impossible to know exactly how such an expression entered Afrikaans.

 

In many instances the expressions as they stand are not necessarily anglicisms at all if one takes them literally - it is the figurative meaning that I am drawing attention to in such cases, for example: jou sokkies optrek - to pull up your socks.

7.1.1 Expressions

agter skedule - behind schedule
binne maklike bereik - within easy reach
buite die kwessie - out of the question
buite/onder beheer - out of/under control (fire)
in beheer van - in control of
in bevel - in charge
in geheim - in secret (cf. p. 255)
in rat - in gear
na ure - after hours
op die rak - on the shelf (old maid)
uit asem - out of breath
uit druk - out of print
uit oefening - out of practice
uit orde - out of order

moeg vir/van - tired of
dorstig vir - thirsty for

een van die dae - one of these days1
ten alle koste - at all costs
as sulks - as such
ure en ure - hours and hours
wat se naam - what's his name
meneer so en so - Mr. So and so
op so en so 'n plek - at such and such a place
op die plek - on the spot
die heel eerste/laaste - the very first/last
oor en oor - over and over
elke nou en dan/af en toe - every now and then
aan en af - on and off
vir 'n reënerige dag - for a rainy day (save s.t. -)
uitverkoping van 'n leeftyd - sale of a lifetime
so reg soos reën - as right as rain
volstoom vorentoe - full steam ahead
aan boord skip - on board ship
die laaste strooi - the last straw
'n voet in die deur - a foot in the door
net vir jou inligting - just for your information
tot so ver suid soos - to as far south as
by ver - by far
so ver - so far (up till now)
ver(s) te verstandig, duur etc. - far too sensible, expensive etc.
te pragtig etc. - too wonderful etc.2
na/voor alles - after/above all
as 'n reël - as a rule
soort van - sort of (colloquial filler)
die een en enigste - the one and only
die enigste uitweg uit - the only way out
al die pad - all the way
al die tyd - all the time
(die) meeste van die tyd - most of the time (cf. p. 254)
in kort - in short
die goeie ou dae - the good old days
nodeloos om te sê - needless to say
oor my dooie liggaam - over my dead body

vir 'n lang tyd - for a long time
eendag - one day
die ander dag - the other day
lig op petrol - light on petrol (a car)
uit die bloute (uit) - out of the blue
tot so 'n mate - to such an extent
tot op datum - to date (up till now)
die man in die straat - the man in the street (cf. p. 255)
die kersie op die koek - the cherry on the cake
te groot vir jou skoene - too big for your shoes
aan die einde van die dag - at the end of the day (fig.)
inspuiting van fondse - injection of funds
die sonskyn van my lewe - the sunshine of my life (a person)
heel dag - all day3

iemand se arm draai - to twist s.o.'s arm
iemand se been trek - to pull s.o.'s leg
iemand se oog vang - to catch s.o.'s eye
iemand 'n vuil kyk gee - to give s.o. a dirty look
iemand hel gee - to give s.o. hell
iemand tot siens wuif - to wave s.o. good-bye
iemand welkom laat voel - to make s.o. feel welcome
iemand sy eie medisyne gee - to give s.o. (some of) his own medicine

na iemand kyk vir hulp - to look to s.o. for help
teen iemand draai - to turn against s.o.
vir iemand ogies maak - to make eyes at s.o.
vir iemand 'n harde tyd gee - to give s.o. a hard time
vir iemand 'n sagte plekkie hê - to have a soft spot for s.o.
vir iemand jammer voel - to feel sorry for s.o.

jou vinger op 'n probleem lê - to put your finger on a problem
jou mond laat water - to make your mouth water
jou voete afloop - to walk your feet off
jou voete vind - to find your feet
jou voet neersit - to put your foot down (fig.)
jou gordel intrek - to pull your belt in (fig.)
jou sokkies optrek - to pull up your socks (fig.)
jou eie beuel blaas - to blow your own trumpet

jou gewig agter 'n saak (in)gooi - to put your weight behind an issue4
jou gewig rondgooi - to throw your weight around
jou rug keer op - to turn your back on
uit jou pad gaan - to go out of your way
agter/na jouself kyk
(also jouself oppas)		 - to look after yourself
dit sal die dag wees - that will be the day
die kat uit die sak laat - to let the cat out of the bag (cf. p. 180)
sy blaf is erger as sy byt - his bark is worse than his bite
'n druppel in/aan die emmer - a drop in the bucket
dit kom uit die perd se bek - it comes from the horse's mouth
hoe meer haas hoe minder spoed - more haste less speed
tussen die duiwel en die diep blou see - between the devil and the deep blue sea
ek weet vir 'n feit dat - I know for a fact that
feit van die saak is - fact of the matter is
aan die verloor-/wenkant wees - to be on the losing/winning side
toe lui 'n klokkie - then a bell rang (fig.)
tot iemand se krediet sê - to say to s.o.'s credit
volle krediet kry vir - to get full credit for
ek kon nie daaroor kom nie - I couldn't get over it
dit betaal jou nie om te - it doesn't pay you to
'n dokter (gaan) sien - to (go and) see a doctor
vir 'n uitstappie/wandeling gaan - to go for a trip/walk
wat is verkeerd daarmee? - what's wrong with that? (fig.)
as dit nie vir - was nie - if it wasn't for - (cf. Raidt 1969: 48, Ponelis. 1979: 76)
ek sê vir jou - I'm telling you (rhetorical saying)
kan jy dit glo! - can you believe it! (exclamation)
die onus berus op hom - the onus rests on him
op die uitkyk wees vir - to be on the lookout for
in lyn wees met - to be in line with
daar is geen teken van niks nie - there's not a sign of anything
wye publisiteit geniet - to enjoy wide publicity
die pad oopmaak vir - to open the way for
hy het sy mes in vir my - he's got his knife in for me
my horlosie is drie minute vinnig/stadig - my watch is three minutes fast/slow
ek het nie tyd vir sulke mense nie - I have no time for such people
dit kan nie wees nie dat - it can't be that
hulle vlug vir hulle lewens - they're fleeing for their lives (cf. p. 238)
'n oog vir 'n mooi meisie hê - to have an eye for a pretty girl

sulke mense het net hulself te blameer - such people only have themselves to blame
twee keer dink voordat... - to think twice before...
ses van die beste kry - to get six of the best (caning)
so skaars soos hoendertande - as scarce as hens' teeth
daardie brieke werk soos 'n bom - those brakes work like a bomb
soos 'n klip slaap - to sleep like a rock
dit kom handig in - it comes in handy
'n idee gaan in rook op - an idea goes up in smoke
bevrees wees dat - to be afraid that (fig.)
dis daarop gemik - it is aimed at (fig.)
die besprekings het in 'n goeie gees plaasgevind - the discussions took place in a good spirit
hy bly drie deure van my (af) - he lives three doors from me
'n produk behaal tien rand - a product fetches ten rand
hulle is meer as bereid om te - they are more than ready to
dit sal 'n spel en 'n half wees - that will be a game and a half
as/wanneer dit by - kom - when it comes to (Ponelis 1979: 76)
dit betaal nie om (te puristies te wees nie etc) - it doesn't pay (to be too puristic etc.)
wat se goed is dit? - what good is that?
dit wys vir jou net - it just goes to show you
jy sal nie ver uit wees nie - you won't be far out (guessing)
die prys gaan aan jou - the prize goes to you
ek het 'n idee of twee - I have an idea or two
die ou jaar het op 'n warm noot afgesluit - the old year finished on a warm note
op daardie noot groet ons tot 8.00 - on that note we say goodbye till 8.00
iets vierkantig in die oë kyk - to look s.t. squarely in the eyes (cf. p. 210)
jouself help aan - to help yourself to
wat gaan van - word? - what's going to become of -?
nie vir iemand kan kers vashou nie - not to be able to hold a candle to s.o.
vir baie mense sal dit nuus wees om te weet - for many people it will be news to know
na die tekenbord teruggaan - to go back to the drawing board
by die punt kom - to come to the point (cf. p. 229)
die punt huis toe bring - to bring the point home
dis nie die punt nie - that's not the point
botter kan nie in sy bek smelt nie - butter wouldn't melt in his mouth
dit het gekom om te bly - it has come to stay

jy is een om te praat - you're one to talk
iets op maklike terme koop - to buy something on easy terms
oor enige iets onder die son praat - to talk about anything under the sun
alles onder die son - everything under the sun
die laaste maar nie die minste nie - last but not least
dink jy vir 'n oomblik dat - do you think for a moment that
die skuld aan iemand se voete lê - to lay the blame at s.o.'s feet
sy is nie meer 'n kuiken nie - she's no chicken any more
in groot aanvraag wees - to be in great demand
ek sou nie droom om dit in Afrikaans te sê nie - I wouldn't dream of saying that in Afrikaans
ek kan nog kop nog stert verstaan - I can't understand head or tail
as jy in Rome is - when in Rome
blomme pluk by die arms vol - to pick flowers by the arm full
'n vraag vra - to ask a question
'n/die laaste sê hê - to have a/the last say
pryse sny - to cut prices
rooi verf - to paint red (the town)
op hitte wees/kom - to be/come on heat
in diepte bespreek etc. - to discuss in depth
lawaai opskop - to kick up a noise
vir tyd speel - to play for time
'n storie spin - to spin a yarn
'n soet tand hê - to have a sweet tooth
'n skroef los hê - to have a screw loose (be crazy)
hy is van sy kop af - he is off his head
behandeling ontvang - to receive treatment
skaam voel - to feel ashamed
die emmer skop - to kick the bucket
'n lewe kort knip - to cut a life short
spoed optel - to pick up speed
'n film skiet - to shoot a film
'n nuwe blaadjie omslaan - to turn over a new leaf
jou geld blaas - to blow your money (cf. p. 188)
op die verdediging wees - to be on the defensive
geboorte gee - to give birth
reg wees - to be right
jou gesig wys - to show your face (to appear)
jou hart kruis - to cross your heart
na normaal terugkeer - to return to normal
tweede plek neem - to take second place
wegkom met moord - to get away with murder (fig.)
voor 'n kar inhol - to run in front of a car

vir jou lisensie gaan - to go for your licence
die reisgogga het hom gebyt - the travel bug has bitten him

7.1.1.1 Semantically empty verbs

Ostyn (1972: 100), in his study of the Dutch of Flemish immigrants in America, commented:

‘Verbs such as to do, to put, to go, to get, to come, to cook (instead of broil, fry etc.) are general and enter into more syntagmatic relations than the more specific items they can replace. Their valence and distribution is great and their information therefore is small.’

With reference to such words he adds on p. 269 that there is a ‘trend of preferring general core items to specific, peripheral ones of highly restricted distribution’. One can say that these verbs are relatively semantically empty, in much the same way that prepositions are too. Ostyn's remarks apply equally to many English inspired uses of the following verbs in Afrikaans: doen, kry, maak, neem/vat, sit (= put) and staan; with some hesitation, because such uses of the word are frowned upon by many speakers, I include (hard)loop. Ostyn's remarks also apply to several nouns like ding, merk and punt, although here homophony is also playing a role. (cf. 7.14)

doen - to do  
hy doen 'n skripsie oor - he's doing an essay about
enige mooi kaart sal doen - any pretty card will do (suffice)
ek kan doen sonder vleis - I can do without meat
hulle kan doen met nog 'n personeellid - they can do with another staff member
witrenosters doen goed hier - white rhinos do well here
'n guns vir iemand doen - to do a favour for s.o.

kry - to get  
ek sal jou terugkry - I'll get you back
het jy 'n woonstel gekry - did you get a flat (find, obtain)
kry vandag 'n bottel - get a bottle today (buy)
duikers kry lyk (headline) - divers get body (find)
kry die bus na Sun City - get the bus to Sun City (take)
kry vir my 'n taxi - get me a taxi (fetch, find)
ons kom jou kry by die stasie - we'll come and get you from the station (fetch)

ek moet 'n snesie kry - I must get a tissue (fetch)
kry die botter - get the butter (fetch)

maak - to make (cf. p. 98)6  
'n verskyning maak - to make an appearance
'n lewe maak - to make a living
'n bydrae maak - to make a contribution (to science)
'n oproep maak - to make a call (telephone)
'n voorstel maak - to make a suggestion
'n beslissing maak - to make a decision
jy sal dit nie maak nie - you won't make it (succeed)
iemand iets maak doen - to make s.o. do s.t.
maak my - make me
vir iemand ogies maak - to make eyes at s.o.
jouself tuismaak - to make yourself at home
jou merk maak - to make your mark (cf. p. 229)
pad maak vir - to make way for
vriende/maats maak met - to make friends with
kontak maak - to make contact
moeilikheid maak - to make trouble
nuus maak - to make news
R200 maak - to make R200
seker maak - to make sure
sin maak - to make sense
spore maak - to make tracks (leave quickly)
vrede maak - to make peace

neem/vat - to take  
'n vak neem - to take a subject
'n breek vat - to take a break
'n eed neem - to take an oath
'n kans/kanse vat7 - to take a chance/chances
dit neem 'n maand om te - it takes a month to
dit het my tien minute geneem om te - it took me ten minutes to
dit vat 'n bietjie oefening - it takes a bit of practice
hy vat sy tyd - he takes his time
vat my woord daarvoor - take my word for it
'n mens kan net so veel vat - one can take just so much
sy kan nie die hitte vat nie - she can't take the heat
hy vat geen nonsens nie - he takes no nonsense

sit - to put, set  
(cf. separable verbs for aan-, af-, deur-, in-, op- and uitsit)
die polisie op iemand sit - to put the police on s.o.
jou hart op iets sit - to set your heart on s.t.

staan - to stand  
'n kans staan - to stand a chance
vir die Volksraad staan - to stand for parliament
ek kan hom nie staan nie - I can't stand him (cf. p. 180)
ek gaan nie daarvoor staan nie - I'm not going to stand for it
hy het my 'n koffie gestaan - he stood me a coffee
die werksgeleentheid wat staan geskep te word, sal... - the employment opportunities which stand to be created, will...

(hard)loop - to run  
die treine (hard)loop nou weer (Dt. lopen but not hardlopen) - the trains are now running again
die bus (hard)loop van A na B - the bus runs from A to B
dit hardloop in die familie - it runs in the family
reisies hardloop - to run races

7.1.1.2 Diets expressions with an English form

The following expressions all exist in Dutch but the form in which they occur in Afrikaans shows a certain contamination from English, although for some of them a variant truer to the Dutch original still exists too. The Dutch alternative is given in brackets. Ostyn (1972: 119) observed the same phenomenon in American Flemish:

‘Proverbs, idioms and idiomatic phrases tend to be recalled rather poorly, if at all, and they tend to undergo paradigmatic and syntagmatic processes for which they are marked in Flemish.’

kos voorberei (bereiden) - to prepare food
die gees opgee (geven) - to give up the ghost
die toon set (aangeven) - to set the tone
daar was nie 'n siel nie (geen levende ziel) - there wasn't a soul
na strooihalms gryp
(zich aan een strohalm vastklampen)		 - to clutch at straws
iets met 'n knippie sout neem (korreltje) - to take s.t. with a pinch of salt

'n naald in 'n hooimied soek (speld) - to look for a needle in a haystack
die handdoek ingooi (in de ring gooien) - to throw in the towel
die kind met die badwater uitgooi (weggooien) - to throw the baby out with the bathwater
die land met 'n ysterhand beheer (met een ijzeren vuist regeren) - to rule the country with an iron hand
die aap uit die mou laat (komen)8 - to let the cat out of the bag
'n storm in 'n teekoppie (glas water) - a storm in a teacup
hulle neem hul tyd om te (de tijd) - they're taking their time to...
op jou laaste bene wees (lopen) - to be on your last legs
hy is sy sout nie werd nie
(het zout in de pap niet waard zijn)		 - he's not worth his salt
ek kan hom nie staan nie (uitstaan) - I can't stand him
ek kry koud (het koud krijgen) - I'm getting cold
hoe kan jy dit aan my doen? (aandoen) - how can you do this to me?
die appel van sy vader se oog (oogappel) - the apple of his father's eye
na die beste van sy vermoë (naar zijn beste vermogen)9 - to the best of his ability
daardie soort van ding (dat soort dingen) - that sort of thing
vir 'n verandering (de) - for a change
iets/iemand in 'n swak lig stel
(iemand in een slecht daglicht stellen)		 - to put s.t./s.o. in a bad light
daar is hope tyd (een hoop tijd) - there's heaps of time
ons hoop vir die beste (het beste hopen) - we're hoping for the best
agter slot en sleutel (grendel) - behind lock and key
in dieselfde asem (in een adem) - in the same breath
in goeie trou (te goeder trouw) - in good faith
'n belowende jong man (veel belovende) - a promising young man
telefoonoproep (telefonische) - telephone call
in volle swang (in swang = in fashion) - in full swing (cf. p. 227)
besoekers hê/kry (bezoek) - to have/get visitors
wag staan (op wacht staan) - to stand watch

7.1.2 Compound nouns

afdelingswinkel - department store
afleweringsvoertuig - delivery vehicle
afspitstyd - off-peak time
agterbank(er) - back-bench(er)
antiekkermis - antique fair
asblik - ash can
avokadopeer - avocado pear
babaseun - baby boy
bal-/bolpuntpen - ballpoint pen
bandopnemer (also Flem.) - tape-recorder
bedryfsleiding (as an acad. subject) - business management
binneversierder - interior decorator
blommerangskik(king) - flower arranging
boekmerk - bookmark (cf. p. 229)
boerpot - jackpot
bofbal - baseball
borrelgom - bubble gum
branderplank - surf board
(brood)rolletjie - (bread) roll
bulhond - bulldog
dagbreek - daybreak
dameklerk - lady clerk
damemotor-bestuurder - lady driver
deurverkeer - through traffic
diensstasie - service station
draadloos, draadlose toestel - wireless wireless set
driestukpak - three piece suit
driekwartbed - three quarter bed
dronkryer - drunk driver
droogskoonmaker - dry cleaner
droogwentel - spin-dry
drukkoker - pressure cooker
dubbelborspak - double-breasted suit
eeuwending - turn of the century
eiervrug - egg fruit
feeverhaal - fairy story
fortuinverteller - fortune teller
geboortemerk - birthmark (cf. p. 229)
generasiegaping - generation gap
geval(le)studie - case study
Grahamstad - Grahamstown
groeikoers - growth rate
groente-olie - vegetable oil
groetekaart - greetings card
grondverdieping - ground floor
haarsproei - hairspray
hoëhakskoene - high-heeled shoes
hoëtroustel - high fidelity set
hofsaak - court case
hommelby - bumble bee
inryteater, -bioskoop -fliek - drive-in theatre
jakkalsdraf - foxtrot
kabinet-herskommeling - cabinet reshuffle
kalklig - lime light
kettingwinkel - chain store
kitskoffie - instant coffee
klankbaan - sound track
klaskamer - classroom
klipgooi - stone's throw
koffie(ver)romer - coffee creamer
kollig - spot light
kombuistee - kitchen tea
kopfoon oorfoon (-fone) - headphone, earphone(s)
kosmenger - food mixer
kragboor - power drill
kragboot - power boat
kragprop - power plug

kragsnyer - power mower
kragstasie - power station
kruispad - crossroad
landmerk - landmark (cf. p. 229)
lappieswerk - patchwork
lewensgehalte - quality of life
lugredery - airline
lugvertoning - airshow
lugwaardin - air hostess
mandjiebal - basket ball
moddergooiery - mud slinging
modderskerm - mudguard
moeilikheidmaker - trouble-maker
muurpapier - wallpaper
neseier - nest egg
nutsakkie - utility bag
nuusdekking - news coverage
nuusflits - news flash
nuusman - newsman
oefeningboek - exercise book
oefenlopie - practice run
omgewingsbewaring - environmental conservation
opset - set-up
padkafee - road café
padongeluk - road accident
padteken - road sign
padvark - road hog
paneelklopper - panel beater
papierknippie - paperclip
passasierseindpunt - passenger terminal
passer en draaier - fitter & turner
plekmatjie - place mat
polkakol - polka dot
potloodskerpmaker - pencil sharpener
raamwerk - frame work (angl. in Dt. too)
ratkas - gear box
rooikop - redhead
rugpak - back pack
sagtebal - softball
seekos(se) - sea food(s) (cf. p. 237)
seevlak - sea level
sekskatjie - sex kitten
sitplekgordel - seat belt
skrootwerf - scrap yard
skouwoonstel, -huis - show flat/house
sleutelbedryf - key industry
somertyd - summer time (as name of season)
sport-, reisgogga - sport/travel bug
spuitkannetjie - spray can
stadsaal - town hall
stasiewa - station wagon
straalvegter - jet fighter
stopteken - stop sign (metal traffic sign)
stroombelyning - streamlining
taakmag - task force
'n tenkvol - a tank full
terugflits - flashback10
terugvoer - feedback10
t-hempie - t-shirt
toeriste-aantreklikheid - tourist attraction
toetswedstryd - test match
toonhuis - show house
topverkoper tee - top-seller tea
tronkvoël - jailbird
TV-stel - TV set
tweeslagolie - two-stroke oil
tydtafel - timetable
uitbreiding - extension (telephone)
verbruikersgoedere - consumer goods
verkoop(s)man - salesman (cf. p. 205-6)
verskil in uitkyk/lewensuitkyk - difference in outlook
vertoonlokaal - show-room

verwysingsboek - reference book
video-opnemer - video recorder
vierslaapkamerhuis - 4 bedroomed house
vierspoedkar - 4 speed car
visstok - fishing rod
vlugkelner - flight steward
voedselverwerker - food processor
vollengte film - full-length film
vonkelwyn - sparkling wine
vonkprop - spark plug
voorvereiste - prerequisite
(Vrydagaand-) gleuf (on tv) - (Friday evening) slot
warmwaterstelsel - hot water system
wegneemetes - take away(s) food
welwillendheidsbesoek - good will visit
wetenskapsfiksie - science fiction
woordverwerker - word processor
worshond - sausage dog
worsrolletjie - sausage roll
ysskaats - ice skate (n.)

algemene praktisyn - general practitioner
amptelike besoek - official visit (Dt. staatsbezoek)
betekenisvolle besprekings - meaningful discussions
bose kringloop - vicious circle
Duitse masels - German measles
'n ferm hand - a firm hand
geel bladsye - yellow pages
gevestigde tuin - established garden
goue/gulde geleentheid - golden opportunity
Hollandse Oos-Indiese Kompanjie - Dutch East India Company
huis van aanbidding - house of worship
indiepte-bespreking - in depth discussion
Keulse water - eau de Cologne
'n knippie sout - a pinch of salt
koue vleis(e) - cold meat(s)
lede van die publiek - members of the public
lopende koste(s) - running costs
muur-tot-muur-matte - wall-to-wall carpets
naby-skoot - close-up shot
'n nommer-drie-yster - a number three iron (golf)
skoon grap - clean joke
die Slapende Skone - Sleeping Beauty
swart en wit - black and white (Dt. zwartwit)
Sweedse leer - suède
Vader Kersfees - Father Christmas
verlede nag - last night (cf. p. 230)
verstandelik vertraagde/gestremde - mentally retarded person
'n vier-hout - a four wood (golf)
'n wit olifant - a white elephant

7.1.3 Separable verbs

aanbly - to stay on
aangaan - to go on, continue; to happen11
aanhang - to hang on (telephone)
aanhelp - to help on e.g. dit help inflasie aan
aanhou - to hold on (telephone)
aankom - to come on (to TV); kom aan - hurry up; met goeie reën sal die veld aankom - thrive (cf. also aankomende verkeer)
aansit - to put on, pretend; to put on clothing
aanstuur - to send on, forward (mail)
 
afbetaal af-, in-, op-, - to pay off (workers)
voorbybeweeg - to move off, in, up, out, past (weather fronts, troops)
afgaan - to go off (oven); to go off from work,
e.g. om vier uur gaan ek af
afkom - to come down (from Johannesburg to Cape Town, cf. opgaan); to get off (work) e.g. hoe laat kom jy af?
afkry - to get off (a day from work)
afmerk - to mark down (prices)
afneem - to take off (a day from work)
afsien - to see off, say goodbye
afsit - to put off, baulk s.o.
afskakel - to switch off
afskop - to kick off, begin (a show)
afskud - to shake off (an attacker, cold)

afteken - to sign off (on radio)
aftrek - to pull off (the road - a car)
afvat - to take off (a day from work)
afwys - to show off (ostentatious behaviour)
 
deurkom - to get through (an exam)
deursien - to see somebody through a difficult time
deursit - to put s.o. through (on telephone)
 
inbel - to ring in (to a radio programme)
inbespreek - to book in
inbreek - to break in (a horse) (cf. Mansvelt 1884: 65)
ingaan - to go in for s.t. (a hobby)
ingee - to give in (eyes), to give up
inhandig - to hand in
inkom - to come in (to the office); also dit sal handig inkom
inlaat - to let in, admit s.o.
inlees - to read into (a meaning into a word)
inluister - to listen in
inneem - to take in (more students)
innooi - to invite s.o. in (cf. oornooi)
inprop - to plug in
inroep - to call s.o. in
insit - to put in (a good word for s.o.)
inslaap - to sleep in ('n inslaapbediende)
instaan - to stand in for s.o., replace
instroom - to stream in (enquiries)
insweer - to swear in
invat - to take something inside; to take s.o. into town
inweeg - to weigh in (at an airport)
 
oornooi - to invite s.o. over (cf. innooi)
oorslaap - to sleep over, spend the night somewhere
oorwaai - to blow over (a problem)
 
opbou - to build up (problems)
opbreek - to break up (school holidays)
opdam - to bank up (traffic)
opeindig - to end up
opgaan - to go up, rise (prices); to go up (to Pretoria)
opgooi - to throw up, vomit
opgradeer - to upgrade
ophelp - to help s.o. up (to stand)
opkyk - to look up (a dictionary); be merry

opmaak - to make up (one's mind; an excuse, story; lovers' reconciliation)
opmors - to muck up
oppak - to pack up, to break down (a car)
opsien - to look up (to s.o.)
opsit - to put up (prices)
opstoot - to push up (productivity)
optel - to pick up (a radio signal)
optrek - to draw up (plan)
opwas - to wash up
jouself opwerk - to work yourself up, get anxious
 
padgee - to give way, collapse (scaffolding)
 
terugdateer - to date back, e.g. 'n biblioteek met tydskrifte wat etlike dekades terugdateer
terugkry - to get s.o. back (seek retribution)
 
toesien - to see to s.t. e.g. hy sal toesien dat die stoele afgelewer word
 
uitdraai - to turn out e.g. dit het snaaks uitgedraai
uitfaseer - to phase out
uitkamp - to camp out
uitklaar - to clear out, get going
uitklop - to knock out (boxing)
uitkom - to come out (from England to South Africa)
uitlê - to outlay (money)
uitloop - to run out (time) (cf. p. 179)
uitmaak - to make out, decipher e.g. ek kan nie al die letters uitmaak nie; to claim e.g. ek is nie so alleen as wat hy wil uitmaak nie.
uitmis - to miss out e.g. hy mis baie uit.
uitneem - to take out (insurance; a girl; a book from a library)
uitpraat - to talk out, speak up, give your opinion
uitseil - to sail out (from England to South Africa)
jou uitsit - to put yourself out, inconvenience yourself
uitsorteer - to sort out (matters; a person)
uitspel - to spell out (a policy, law)
uitstaan - to stand out, be obvious (cf. also 'n uitstaande persoon/skuld)
uitvang - to catch s.o. out
uitwerk - to work out (tr. a new method; intr. e.g. dit sal goedkoper uitwerk)

uitwis - to wipe out (a tribe)

voorlê - to lie ahead (to be in the future)

7.1.4 Other words

7.1.4.1 Nouns

afhanklike - dependent (person)
bemarking - marketing
besigheid - business
brug - bridge (card game)
buis - tube (tooth-paste)
ding - cf. 7.14
eiendom - property (house and land)
houer - container
insypelaar - infiltrator
koers - rate e.g. groeikoers
krag - power (electricity) cf. p. 181-2
kroeg12 - bar
kruis - cross (an animal breed)
loods - pilot (plane)
lopie - run (cricket)
prop - plug
raam - frame (bicycle)
room - cream e.g. vel-, skeerroom; room van die oes
span - team e.g. spanwerk, spangees
stel - set (film set)
sweep - whip (Parliament)
tak - branch (of a firm)
treffer - hit (song)
trog - trough (weather)
vark - pork (= varkvl eis)
verband - bond (housing loan)
verhitting - heating (in a home)
versapper - juicer
verskoning - excuse
verslapping - relaxation (of laws)
vlak - level (water, standard)
voeler(s) - (insect) feeler(s)

vrystelling - release (film, record)
werf - yard (backyard)

7.1.4.2 Adjectives

bogemiddeld - above-average
gebruik - used (car)
onderhandelbaar - negotiable
outyds - old time (music)
padwaardig - roadworthy
rooiwarm - red-hot
skotvry - scot free
tussenkontinentaal - intercontinental
vertraag - retarded (mentally -)
verwagtend - expecting (pregnant)
vullend - filling (food)
warm - hot (spicy of food)

7.1.4.3 Adverbs

alklaar - already
altesaam - altogether
gerieflik - conveniently e.g. iets gerieflik verswyg
heelhartiglik - wholeheartedly (cf. p. 209)
laas - last, e.g. ek het hom twintig jaar laas gesien
  (= Dt. het laatst; Dt. laatst means ‘recently’)
oornag - overnight

7.1.4.4 Verbs

bank - to bank
blaas - to blow (a globe, your money, nose; cf. p. 218)
bly - to stay (= to live, reside)13
dek - to cover (news)
deponeer - to deposit (money in the bank)
herseël - to reseal (roads)
ontlont - to defuse (a situation)

(ont)trek - to (with)draw (money from the bank)
ontvries - to defrost (tr. verb)
vang - to catch (a joke; s.o.'s eye, s.o. unprepared)
vertrou - to trust, e.g. ek vertrou dat...
verwag - to expect (a child) e.g. sy verwag (intr.)
voel - to feel, think
vrystel - to release (a film, record)
borsvoed - to breastfeed
diepbraai - to deepfry
dronkbestuur - to drunk-drive
toetsbestuur - to test-drive


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